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Biological Mind Tracts

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This page is intended to describe set of physically existing tracts connecting set of regions across mind.

Sensory and Motor Root Neurons

(generated)

Motor Endings:

Alpha motoneurons (MA): generate large force
- FF-type alpha motoneurons (MA-FF): fast-twitch fatigable; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial}
- FR-type alpha motoneurons (MA-FR): fast-twitch fatigue-resistant; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial}
- S-type alpha motoneurons (MA-S): slow-twitch fatigue-resistant; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial}
Beta motoneurons (MB): affect both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers
- beta dynamic motoneurons (MB-D): slow contracting motor units; FIBERS={A-beta-motor}
- beta static motoneurons (MB-S): fast contracting motor units; FIBERS={A-beta-motor}
Gamma motoneurons (MG): enforce alpha motoneurons
- gamma dynamic motoneurons (MG-D): contract muscle spindles from both ends; FIBERS={A-gamma-motor}
- gamma static motoneurons (MG-S): contract muscle spindles from both ends; FIBERS={A-gamma-motor}
postganglionic autonomic motoneurons (MPG): postganglionic autonomic
- postganglionic parasympathetic motoneurons (MPG-P): visceral activity and repose, short, local; FIBERS={C-motor}
- postganglionic sympathetic motoneurons (MPG-S): muscles and skin, pre/post - temporal summation and spatial summation; FIBERS={C-motor}
preganglionic autonomic motoneurons (MPA): preganglionic paravertebral/prevertebral sympathetic, spinal/cranial parasympathetic
- preganglionic parasympathetic cranial (MPA-PC): cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia; FIBERS={B-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
- preganglionic parasympathetic spinal (MPA-PS): spinal cord long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia; FIBERS={B-motor}
- preganglionic paravertebral sympathetic (MPA-SPAV): short to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia; FIBERS={B-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic}
- preganglionic prevertebral sympathetic (MPA-SPRV): long to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia; FIBERS={B-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical}

Sensory Endings:

Mechanoreceptors (SMECH)
- Deep tissue mechanoreceptors (SMECH-DEEP)
  - Pacinian corpuscles (SPC): responds to vibration; vibration 60-400 Hz, deep; FIBERS={A-beta-sensory; A-delta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
  - Ruffini corpuscles (SRC): responds to pressure on skin; stretching of skin, crude touch; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory; A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
- Skin mechanoreceptors (SMECH-SKIN)
  - Hair follicle receptors (SHF): responds to hair displacement; touch, hairy skin velocity; FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
  - Meissner corpuscles (SMC): responds to vibration; vibration 20-50 Hz; dynamic touch/pressure; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-sensory; A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
  - Merkel disk receptors (SMD): responds to pressure on skin; vibration 5-15 Hz, static (sustained) touch/pressure; FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
Pain and temperature receptors (SPT)
- A-delta fiber nociceptors (SAD): fast/first pain information; FIBERS={A-delta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
- Cold receptors (SCR): respond to low temperature; FIBERS={A-delta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial}
- Nonencapsulated free-nerve endings (SFN): pain and temperature
  - C fiber nociceptors (SFN-CN): responsible for the second, burning pain; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
  - C fiber warming-specific receptors (SFN-CW): responsible for warmth; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
  - C mechano- and metabo- receptors in muscles or joints (SFN-CM): responsible for muscle exercise, burn and cramp; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
  - tactile C fibers (SFN-CT): sensual touch; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
  - ultra-slow histamine-selective C fibers (SFN-CI): responsible for itch; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
Proprioceptors (SPROP)
- Golgi tendon organs (SGT): muscle tension; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
- Muscle spindles (SMS): skeletal muscle, stretch by muscle length, fast
  - Dynamic nuclear bag fibers (SMS-DN): report rate of change of muscle length; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
  - Nuclear chain fibers (SMS-NC): report static length of muscle; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
  - Static nuclear bag fibers (SMS-SN): report static length of muscle; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
Special Senses (SPS)
- Baroreceptors (SSB): blood pressure in carotid sinus; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial}
- Cochlea receptor (SSA): audition; FIBERS={A-delta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial}
- Olfactory receptor (SSS): smell, odor detection; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial}
- Oxigen chemoreceptors (SSO): oxigen level in carotid body; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial}
- Retinal rods and cones (SSV): vision receptors; FIBERS={A-delta-sensory; C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
- Taste buds (SST): taste receptors; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}

Fibers by thickness:

 A-alpha* (mixed, 12-22 mcm, 70-120 m/sec): low theshold, 2ms after stimulus (type Ia,Ib; motoneurons, touch, position and velocity)

A-alpha-Ia (mixed)
- A-alpha-Ia-motor - alpha motoneurons (motor); ENDINGS={MA-FF,MA-FR,MA-S}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial}
- A-alpha-Ia-sensory (sensory): skin, two-point discrimination (muscle spindle primary sensory endings; extrafusal muscles, Meissner's corpuscles; annulospiral endings, length and velocity); ENDINGS={SMC}
A-alpha-Ib-sensory (sensory): report load being applied to muscle, stretching of skin; ENDINGS={SGT,SRC,SMS-NC,SMS-SN,SMS-DN}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}

 A-beta* (mixed, 8-13 mcm, 40-70 m/sec): higher theshold, 4ms after stimulus (type II; fine touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary endings)

A-beta-motor - beta motoneurons (motor): skeleto-fusimotor, intrafusal fibers and collaterals to extrafusal muscle fibers, muscle spindles, increase dynamic sensitivity of ending; ENDINGS={MB-D,MB-S}
A-beta-sensory (sensory): fine touch, kinesthesia (length only; secondary afferents, flower spray endings); ENDINGS={SMD,SRC,SHF,SPC,SMC}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}

 A-delta-sensory* (sensory, 1-4 mcm, 5-15 m/sec): noxious, cold, pressure; 20ms after stimulus (type III; thinly-myelinated; noxious receptors - first/fast, sharp, well-localized pain; cold receptors - temperature, high-threshold mechano/heat, phasic; pressure - rapidly adapting mechanosensitive, directional selectivity, crude touch; auditory axons 2 mcm; vestibular axons 3 mcm); ENDINGS={SAD,SCR,SPC,SSA,SSV}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
 A-gamma-motor* (motor, 4-8 mcm, 15-40 m/sec): intrafusal muscle fibers, 6ms after stimulus (skeletal muscle tone, contract muscle spindles from both ends, fusimotor gamma neurons, affect Ia/II); ENDINGS={MG-D,MG-S}
 B-motor* (motor, 1-3 mcm, 3-14 m/sec): preganglionic autonomic (myelinated, ACh, sympathetic only in T1-L3, IML); ENDINGS={MPA-SPAV,MPA-SPRV,MPA-PS,MPA-PC}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
 C* (mixed, 0.1-1 mcm, 0.2-2 m/sec): pain, touch, pressure, temperature, postganglionic autonomic, taste (60ms after stimulus)

C-motor (motor): postganglionic autonomic; ENDINGS={MPG-S,MPG-P}
C-sensory (sensory): pain and temperature, special (optic axons width average 0.72 mcm; olfactory axons 0.35 mcm); ENDINGS={SFN-CN,SFN-CW,SFN-CI,SFN-CT,SFN-CM,SST,SSV,SSO,SSB,SSS}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}

Tracts Hierarchy

(generated)

Ascending Tracts

TRACT SET: Ascending Tracts

TRACT ALS: anterolateral system - pain transfer
- TRACT SLS: spinolimbic system - autonomic body pain transfer
  - TRACT SHTT: spinohypothalamic tract - autonomic body pain transfer to hypothalamus
  - TRACT SMST: spinomesencephalic tract - descending modulation of pain
  - TRACT SST: spinosolitary tract - autonomic body pain transfer to parabrachial nucleus
- TRACT SRS: spinoreticular system - automatic body pain reflection
  - TRACT SMRT: spinomedulloreticular tract - automatic body pain spinal reflection
  - TRACT SPRT: spinopontoreticular tract - automatic body pain cortical reflection
  - TRACT STCT: spinotectal tract - automatic body pain spinovisual reflection
- TRACT STS: spinothalamic system - body pain transfer
  - TRACT ASTT: anterior spinothalamic tract (paleospinothalamic anterolateral tract) - body slow pain localization
  - TRACT LSTT: lateral spinothalamic tract (neospinothalamic tract) - body pain perception
- TRACT TTS: trigeminothalamic system - head pain transfer
  - TRACT ATTT: anterior trigeminothalamic tract (ventral trigeminothalamic tract) - head pain localization
  - TRACT DTTT: dorsal trigeminal tract (dorsal trigeminothalamic tract, lemniscus) - head pain perception
TRACT MLS: medial lemniscus system - conscious body mechanical perception
- TRACT PCS: posterior column system (dorsal column, Reils band, Reils ribbon) - conscious upper body mechanical and lower body cutaneous perception
  - TRACT FCT: fasciculus cuneatus tract (tract of Burdach) - conscious upper body mechanical perception
  - TRACT FGT: fasciculus gracilis tract (tract of Goll) - conscious lower body cutaneous perception
- TRACT SCVT: spinocervical tract (Morin's tract) - conscious lower body proprioception
TRACT SCS: spinocerebellar system - automatic activity
- TRACT DSCS: direct spinocerebellar system - automatic activity of body
  - TRACT CSCT: cuneocerebellar tract - automatic activity of upper limbs
  - TRACT DSCT: dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsigs tract) - automatic activity of lower limbs
  - TRACT RSCT: rostral spinocerebellar tract - automatic activity of upper body
  - TRACT VSCT: ventral spinocerebellar tract (anterior spinocerebellar tract, Gowers tract) - automatic activity of lower body
- TRACT SMTS: spinometencephalic system - automatic activity integration
  - TRACT SOT: spinoolivary tract (Helwegs tract) - automatic activity of head, neck and upper limbs
  - TRACT SVT: spinovestibular tract - automatic activity vestibular integration

Descending Tracts

TRACT SET: Descending Tracts

TRACT ATS: autonomic tracts system (descending autonomic fibers) - autonomic control
- TRACT HTST: hypothalamospinal tract - oculomotor autonomic control
- TRACT SSS: solitariospinal system - involuntary breathing control
  - TRACT SSET: solitariospinal expiratory tract - rhythmic expiration
  - TRACT SSIT: solitariospinal inpiratory tract - rhythmic inspiration
TRACT ESS: extensor somatic system - extensor control
- TRACT ACST: anterior corticospinal tract (ventral corticospinal tract) - conscious extensor control
- TRACT MLFS: medial longitudinal fasciculus system - automatic control
  - TRACT TCST: tectospinal tract - oculomotor automatic control
  - TRACT VST: vestibulospinal tract - body automatic control
    - TRACT LVST: lateral vestibulospinal tract - maintaining balance via legs extensors
    - TRACT MVST: medial vestibulospinal tract - stabilize visual image on retina
- TRACT RTSS: reticulospinal system - automatic and autonomic control
  - TRACT MRST: medullary reticulospinal tract (lateral reticulospinal tract) - inhibit extensors
  - TRACT PRST: pontine reticulospinal tract (medial reticulospinal tract) - excite extensors
TRACT FSS: flexor somatic system - flexor control
- TRACT CBT: corticobulbar tract - cranial flexor control
- TRACT LSTT: lateral corticospinal tract - conscious flexor control
- TRACT RBST: rubrospinal tract - automatic flexor control

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-* '''Alpha motoneurons''' (MA): generate large force (extrafusal muscle fibres, voluntary movement)
+* '''Alpha motoneurons''' (MA): generate large force
-** '''FF-type alpha motoneurons''' (MA-FF): fast-twitch fatigable (run; generate large force, poor efficiency; biggest motoneurons, type IIB extrafusal muscle fibers; affected by static beta motoneurons); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanN
+** '''FF-type alpha motoneurons''' (MA-FF): fast-twitch fatigable; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial}
-ervesCranial}
+** '''FR-type alpha motoneurons''' (MA-FR): fast-twitch fatigue-resistant; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial}
-** '''FR-type alpha motoneurons''' (MA-FR): fast-twitch fatigue-resistant (walk; type IIA extrafusal muscle fibers; affected by static beta motoneurons); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial}
+** '''S-type alpha motoneurons''' (MA-S): slow-twitch fatigue-resistant; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial}
-** '''S-type alpha motoneurons''' (MA-S): slow-twitch fatigue-resistant (stand; type I muscle fibers; little force, metabolically efficient, affected by dynamic beta motoneurons); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalTrunk; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial}
+* '''Beta motoneurons''' (MB): affect both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers
-* '''Beta motoneurons''' (MB): affect both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers (intrafusal/extrafusal muscle fibres, voluntary movement)
+** '''beta dynamic motoneurons''' (MB-D): slow contracting motor units; FIBERS={A-beta-motor}
-** '''beta dynamic motoneurons''' (MB-D): slow contracting motor units (type I extrafusal muscle fibers and the intrafusal bag1 fiber); FIBERS={A-beta-motor}
+** '''beta static motoneurons''' (MB-S): fast contracting motor units; FIBERS={A-beta-motor}
-** '''beta static motoneurons''' (MB-S): fast contracting motor units (type IIA or IIB extrafusal fibers and the intrafusal bag2 fiber); FIBERS={A-beta-motor}
+* '''Gamma motoneurons''' (MG): enforce alpha motoneurons
-* '''Gamma motoneurons''' (MG): enforce alpha motoneurons (intrafusal muscle fibers, muscle tonus, additional contracts to maintain sensitivity in stretched state; originate in pontine RF)
+** '''gamma dynamic motoneurons''' (MG-D): contract muscle spindles from both ends; FIBERS={A-gamma-motor}
-** '''gamma dynamic motoneurons''' (MG-D): contract muscle spindles from both ends (intrafusal bag1 fiber ); FIBERS={A-gamma-motor}
+** '''gamma static motoneurons''' (MG-S): contract muscle spindles from both ends; FIBERS={A-gamma-motor}
-** '''gamma static motoneurons''' (MG-S): contract muscle spindles from both ends (intrafusal bag2 fiber and the nuclear chain fibers); FIBERS={A-gamma-motor}
 * '''postganglionic autonomic motoneurons''' (MPG): postganglionic autonomic
-** '''postganglionic parasympathetic motoneurons''' (MPG-P): visceral activity and repose, short, local (from ganglia in/on wall of organ); FIBERS={C-motor}
+** '''postganglionic parasympathetic motoneurons''' (MPG-P): visceral activity and repose, short, local; FIBERS={C-motor}
-** '''postganglionic sympathetic motoneurons''' (MPG-S): muscles and skin, pre/post - temporal summation and spatial summation (one-to-many, wide-spread, long and unmyelinated, NE); FIBERS={C-motor}
+** '''postganglionic sympathetic motoneurons''' (MPG-S): muscles and skin, pre/post - temporal summation and spatial summation; FIBERS={C-motor}
 * '''preganglionic autonomic motoneurons''' (MPA): preganglionic paravertebral/prevertebral sympathetic, spinal/cranial parasympathetic
-** '''preganglionic parasympathetic cranial''' (MPA-PC): cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia (eye iris, lacrimal/submandibular/subingual glands, thorax, abdomen, GI tract); FIBERS={B-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
+** '''preganglionic parasympathetic cranial''' (MPA-PC): cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia; FIBERS={B-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
-** '''preganglionic parasympathetic spinal''' (MPA-PS): spinal cord long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia (splantic nerves, abdominal organs); FIBERS={B-motor}
+** '''preganglionic parasympathetic spinal''' (MPA-PS): spinal cord long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia; FIBERS={B-motor}
-** '''preganglionic paravertebral sympathetic''' (MPA-SPAV): short to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia (close to vertebral, fibers ascend/descend to reach all spinal cord levels); FIBERS={B-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic}
+** '''preganglionic paravertebral sympathetic''' (MPA-SPAV): short to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia; FIBERS={B-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic}
-** '''preganglionic prevertebral sympathetic''' (MPA-SPRV): long to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia (celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia); FIBERS={B-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
+** '''preganglionic prevertebral sympathetic''' (MPA-SPRV): long to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia; FIBERS={B-motor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
 '''Sensory Endings''':
@@ Line 42: / Line 41: @@
 * '''Mechanoreceptors''' (SMECH)
 ** '''Deep tissue mechanoreceptors''' (SMECH-DEEP)
-*** '''Pacinian corpuscles''' (SPC): responds to vibration; vibration 60-400 Hz, deep (deep layers of dermis in both hairy and glabrous skin; greater signal from more massive or rapid deformation; deep receptors, subcutaneous tissue, viscera, rapidly adapting, low threshold; transient receptors, connective tissue, vibration, intrafusal muscles, tonic proprioceptive endings, flower-spray type); FIBERS={A-beta-sensory; A-delta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
+*** '''Pacinian corpuscles''' (SPC): responds to vibration; vibration 60-400 Hz, deep; FIBERS={A-beta-sensory; A-delta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
-*** '''Ruffini corpuscles''' (SRC): responds to pressure on skin; stretching of skin, crude touch (end-bulbs of Krause - dermis of both hairy and glabrous skin and Ruffini - lips, tongue, and genitals; deep receptors, slowly adapting, low threshold; strong position and weak velocity receptors - regular discharge, type II, hairy/hairless skin); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory; A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
+*** '''Ruffini corpuscles''' (SRC): responds to pressure on skin; stretching of skin, crude touch; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory; A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
 ** '''Skin mechanoreceptors''' (SMECH-SKIN)
-*** '''Hair follicle receptors''' (SHF): responds to hair displacement; touch, hairy skin velocity (slowly adapting, low threshold; peritrichial endings - nerve plexus wrapped around hair roots; large hair follicles, slow and rapid movement of hairs and deflection of the skin); FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
+*** '''Hair follicle receptors''' (SHF): responds to hair displacement; touch, hairy skin velocity; FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
-*** '''Meissner corpuscles''' (SMC): responds to vibration; vibration 20-50 Hz; dynamic touch/pressure (dermis of glabrous skin; tactile, texture, rapidly adapting, superficial papillary receptor, low threshold, especially sensitive to light touch - like fingers and lips); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-sensory; A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
+*** '''Meissner corpuscles''' (SMC): responds to vibration; vibration 20-50 Hz; dynamic touch/pressure; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-sensory; A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
-*** '''Merkel disk receptors''' (SMD): responds to pressure on skin; vibration 5-15 Hz, static (sustained) touch/pressure (epidermis of glabrous skin; respond to slight change in skin surface; high resolution tactile discrimination, mechanoceptors in hairless skin and mucosa, pressure and texture, slowly adapting, sustained response, low threshold; weak position and strong velocity - irregular discharge, type I, hairy/hairless skin); FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
+*** '''Merkel disk receptors''' (SMD): responds to pressure on skin; vibration 5-15 Hz, static (sustained) touch/pressure; FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
 * '''Pain and temperature receptors''' (SPT)
 ** '''A-delta fiber nociceptors''' (SAD): fast/first pain information; FIBERS={A-delta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
-** '''Cold receptors''' (SCR): respond to low temperature (channel: TRPM8 (less than 28C), TRPA1 (less than 18C)); FIBERS={A-delta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial}
+** '''Cold receptors''' (SCR): respond to low temperature; FIBERS={A-delta-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial}
-** '''Nonencapsulated free-nerve endings''' (SFN): pain and temperature (the only nociceptors)
+** '''Nonencapsulated free-nerve endings''' (SFN): pain and temperature
 *** '''C fiber nociceptors''' (SFN-CN): responsible for the second, burning pain; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
 *** '''C fiber warming-specific receptors''' (SFN-CW): responsible for warmth; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
 *** '''C mechano- and metabo- receptors in muscles or joints''' (SFN-CM): responsible for muscle exercise, burn and cramp; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
-*** '''tactile C fibers''' (SFN-CT): sensual touch (includes CT fibres, also known as C low-threshold mechanoreceptors (CLTM), which are unmyelinated afferents found in human hairy skin, and have a low mechanical threshold less than 5 milliNewtons; have moderate adaptation and may exhibit fatigue on repetitive stimulation and after discharges for several seconds after a stimulus); FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
+*** '''tactile C fibers''' (SFN-CT): sensual touch; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
 *** '''ultra-slow histamine-selective C fibers''' (SFN-CI): responsible for itch; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalGenital; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesSpinalFoot; HumanNervesSpinalThigh; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic; HumanNervesCranial}
 * '''Proprioceptors''' (SPROP)
-** '''Golgi tendon organs''' (SGT): muscle tension (slowly adapting, low threshold); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
+** '''Golgi tendon organs''' (SGT): muscle tension; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
-** '''Muscle spindles''' (SMS): skeletal muscle, stretch by muscle length, fast (intrafusal fibers)
+** '''Muscle spindles''' (SMS): skeletal muscle, stretch by muscle length, fast
-*** '''Dynamic nuclear bag fibers''' (SMS-DN): report rate of change of muscle length (bundle in fiber middle); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
+*** '''Dynamic nuclear bag fibers''' (SMS-DN): report rate of change of muscle length; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
-*** '''Nuclear chain fibers''' (SMS-NC): report static length of muscle (aligned in a single row); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
+*** '''Nuclear chain fibers''' (SMS-NC): report static length of muscle; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
-*** '''Static nuclear bag fibers''' (SMS-SN): report static length of muscle (bundle in fiber middle); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
+*** '''Static nuclear bag fibers''' (SMS-SN): report static length of muscle; FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical; HumanNervesSpinalCervical}
 * '''Special Senses''' (SPS)
 ** '''Baroreceptors''' (SSB): blood pressure in carotid sinus; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial}
@@ Line 69: / Line 68: @@
 ** '''Oxigen chemoreceptors''' (SSO): oxigen level in carotid body; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial}
 ** '''Retinal rods and cones''' (SSV): vision receptors; FIBERS={A-delta-sensory; C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
-** '''Taste buds''' (SST): taste receptors (five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet and umami; combinations are flavors); FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
+** '''Taste buds''' (SST): taste receptors; FIBERS={C-sensory}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial; HumanNervesCranial}
 '''Fibers by thickness''':

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Revision as of 23:51, 9 April 2019

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