BiologicalHierarchyReduced

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Biological Hierarchy Reduced

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This page is reduction of Full Biological Hierarchy for the purpose of modeling in aHuman.

Biological Reduction Rationale

  • reduction hierarchy contains only functions copied to aHuman
  • visual brain functions are regarded as generic sensory approach
  • motor is replaced by effector, movement is action
  • body remained as term, but its nature is completely different for aHuman
    • task performed for the mind is the same - default reward system and mandatory part for any action
    • hence somatosensory brain elements remained predefined mandatory sensor, body feeling.
  • single hemisphere is assumed to be enough
  • blood and heart are regarded as regulatory functions, controlling resources spent by brain
  • thalamic area is primarily considered as relay, and to simplify picture, some direct ways, e.g. ACA to HCA are treated as passing via THA
  • limbic lobe was split into parts allocated to other modules, because parts of limbic system seem to me quite different while having strong connections to specific parts
    • anterior cingulate cortex has strong bidirectional connections with anterior cortex and allocated to ACA, posterior cingulate - to PCA as well
    • secondary role of thalamic area is spreading of modulatory activity (sleep-awake cycle, hormones, neurotransmitters and others), and because of that septal nuclei allocated to THA
    • hippocampus is strong aligned with memory formation functions of temporal lobe - enthorinal and perirhinal cortices and eventually allocated to HCA
    • fornix is hippocampus communication facility and that's why allocated also to HCA
    • basal ganglia is rational primitive motor system and needs to be separate module because it is one of major non-cortical functions
    • amygdala is allocated to BGA because generating movements by emotional, but not rational signals

Biological Brain Hierarchy Reduction

  • neocortex
    • frontal lobe
      • prefrontal cortex (personality, judgement, complex planning, inhibition, morality)
        • orbitofrontal cortex (involved in sensory integration, in representing the affective value of reinforcers, and in decision-making and expectation)
      • premotor cortex (patterned effector actions and planning)
      • primary motor cortex (individual actions)
        • frontal eye fields (control specific sensor)
    • parietal lobe
      • primary somatosensory cortex (anterior, basic sensations of the body)
      • superior parietal lobule (posterior, body sensations relationships, locating objects in space)
      • inferior parietal lobule (posterior, semantics, involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology)
      • intraparietal sulcus (posterior, essential in guidance of limb and eye movement)
      • general interpretation area (opinions)
    • occipital lobe
      • primary visual cortex (simple specific sensor spatial primitives)
      • visual associations (intermediate specific sensor spatial and temporal patterns)
      • fusiform gyris (object representation from specific sensor)
    • temporal lobe
      • insula (habits, visceral sensations)
      • parahippocampal gyrus (formation of spatial memory, encoding and recognition of scenes)
        • anterior parahippocampal gyrus
          • perirhinal cortex (specific sensor perception and memory, facilitates recognition and identification of environmental stimuli)
          • entorhinal cortex (hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation, autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep)
        • posterior parahippocampal gyrus (spatial declarative memory)
  • limbic system
    • cingulate cortex (life resources consumption control, cognitive and attentional processing)
      • anterior cingulate cortex (error and conflict detection processes)
      • posterior cingulate cortex (episodic memory, emotion, navigation, resting)
    • amygdala (signalling cortex of motivationally significant stimuli)
    • septal nuclei (controller of theta rhythm, major source of projections to hippocampus)
    • hippocampus (detection of novel events, places and stimuli, spatial coding)
      • dentate gyrus (formation of memories, distinguishing multiple instances of similar events or multiple visits to the same location, stress and depression)
      • subiculum (spatial relations, working memory)
      • fornix (carries signals from the hippocampus)
    • basal ganglia (primitive effectors system)
      • striatum (planning and modulation of actions)
        • caudate nucleus (part of the learning and memory system)
        • putamen (regulate actions and influence various types of learning)
        • nucleus accumbens (reward, pleasure, addiction, fear)
          • nucleus accumbens core (acquisition and maintenance of a new strategy)
          • nucleus accumbens shell (mediate learning about irrelevant stimuli)
      • pallidum (reward and incentive motivation)
        • globus pallidus externa (main regulator of the basal ganglia system)
        • substantia nigra (reward, addiction, and actions)
      • subthalamic nucleus (action selection)
  • diencephalon (relay system between sensory input neurons and other parts of the brain)
    • thalamus (relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness)
      • specific relay nuclei (project to/from specific functional area of neocortex)
        • lateral geniculate body (specific sensor -> specific sensor cortex area)
        • ventral posterior nucleus
          • ventral posterior lateral nucleus (body sensations -> primary somesthetic area)
        • ventral lateral/anterior nucleus (effector control feedback from cerebellum and striatum -> primary effector cortex)
      • association nuclei (project to association areas)
        • anterior nucleus (mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus)
        • medial nucleus (somatic sensory input from hypothalamus, amygdala -> prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum)
        • lateral nucleus (hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus)
        • posterior group nuclei (pain from spinothalamic tract and 5th cranial nerve -> insula)
        • pulvinar nuclei (reciprocal connections with association areas)
      • non-specific nuclei
        • intralaminar nuclei (basal ganglia, reticular formation -> all parts of neocortex, effector control system, perceptions of various modalities)
        • reticular nuclei (from all fibers leaving and entering the thalamus -> all thalamic nuclei, cortical regulation of the thalamic activity)
    • hypothalamus (modulatory, life support and the sleep/wake cycle)
      • mammillary body (relay from the amygdala and hippocampus to thalamus)
      • median eminence (stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary)
  • brain stem (main sensory innervation)
    • medulla oblongata (autonomic, involuntary functions, relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord)
    • midbrain
      • tectum
        • superior colliculus (preliminary specific sensor processing and control of specific sensor)
      • cerebral peduncle
        • midbrain tegmentum (involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways)
        • crus cerebri (contains effector tracts)
        • substantia nigra (sensor control, effector planning, reward seeking, learning, and addiction)
    • pons (relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, equilibrium, sensor control, expressing emotions)
      • cranial nerves
        • 2 - optic nerve (transmits specific sensor information to the brain)
        • 3 - oculomotor nerve (perform most sensor control)
        • 4 - trochlear nerve (perform certain sensor control)
        • 6 - abducens nerve (perform certain sensor control)
  • cerebellum (complex actions, sequential thinking, attention, coordination, precision, and accurate timing)
    • peduncles
      • inferior cerebellar peduncle (to/from medulla/spinal cord)
      • middle cerebellar peduncle (from pons)
      • superior cerebellar peduncle (to midbrain)
      • arbor vitae (brings sensory/motor information to/from cerebellum)
    • spinocerebellum (control actions power and coordination of multiple actions, cerebellum/basal ganglia/neocortex effector actions)
    • cerebrocerebellum (participates in planning actions, sensory/prefrontal -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> motor cortex -> effectors
    • choroid plexus (inhibits neuronal maturation)
  • spinal cord
    • anterolateral system (body feeling pathway)
    • corticospinal tract (effector pathway for upper effector neuronal signals coming from the cerebral cortex/basal ganglia)
      • lateral corticospinal tract (distal effector actions)
      • anterior cortical spinal tract (affect general body state)
    • ventral spinocerebellar tract (proprioceptive information travels up the spinal cord)
    • dorsal spinocerebellar tract (conveys inconscient proprioceptive information)