Modulatory Contol Area

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Local Circuits

(generated)

|| *ID* || *Name* || *Regions* || || 5HT || Serotonin - Feelings of Well-Being and Happiness || LMC.HM.RP.MG, BrainRegionLMC_HM_RP_OB LMC.HM.RP.OB, BrainRegionLMC_HM_RP_PL LMC.HM.RP.PL, BrainRegionLMC_HP_RP_PRN LMC.HP.RP.PRN, BrainRegionLMC_MM_RF_SUC LMC.MM.RF.SUC, BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN LMC.MM.RP.DRN || || ACH || Acetylcholine - PNS Actions and CNS plasticity, arousal and reward || LMC.FT.NBM, BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_DTG LMC.HP.TG.DTG, BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_LDT LMC.HP.TG.LDT, BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_VTG LMC.HP.TG.VTG || || DA || Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness || LMC.MM.VTA || || ENK || Enkephalin - Regulating Nociception in Body || LMC.MM.PAG || || NE || Norepinephrine - Vigilant Concentration, Stress Hormone, Fight-or-Flight Response || LMC.HP.LC ||

Serotonin - Feelings of Well-Being and Happiness

unavailable

|| *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || || LMC.HM.RP.MG || Raphe Magnus Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Inhubit head and spinal pain || B3, contacts with enkephalenic neurons in
substantia gelatinosa || || LMC.HM.RP.OB || Raphe Obscurus Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulate cardiovascular function via sympathetic spinal column || B2 || || LMC.HM.RP.PL || Raphe Pallidus Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Spinal pain control || B1 || || LMC.HP.RP.PRN || Pontine Raphe Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulation of sleep cycle || Projects to CR, forebrain; inhibitory nucleus || || LMC.MM.RF.SUC || Superior Central Raphe Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Block or temporarily suspend mnemonic processes in the hippocampus;
Hallucinations || Directs HC to disregard insignificant events;
inhibitory nucleus; B6,B8; Insomnia; inhibitory
nucleus || || LMC.MM.RP.DRN || Dorsal Raphe Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulation of sleep and mood || Major source of 5HT; inhibitory nucleus ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || BrainRegionLMC_MM_RF_SUC LMC.MM.RF.SUC || BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || [Habenula Connections (LHb -> MR, abstract)] || || || LMC.MM.RP.DRN || BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || [Habenula Connections (LHb -> DR, abstract)] || || LAC || BrainRegionLMC_HM_RP_MG LMC.HM.RP.MG || BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN LAC.FD.HT.LTN || Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.FD.HT.PV || Paraventricular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HM.RP.OB || BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PO LAC.FD.HT.PO || Preoptic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LLC || BrainRegionLMC_HM_RP_MG LMC.HM.RP.MG || BrainRegionLLC_MM_SCNF LLC.MM.SCNF || Subcuneiform Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.RP.PRN || BrainRegionLLC_MM_SCNF LLC.MM.SCNF || Subcuneiform Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.MM.RP.DRN || BrainRegionLLC_FD_TH_SF LLC.FD.TH.SF || Subfascicular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || (unknown reference) || || LMC || BrainRegionLMC_HM_RP_MG LMC.HM.RP.MG || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || Periaqueductal Gray Matter || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HM.RP.PL || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || Periaqueductal Gray Matter || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || BrainRegionLMC_MM_RF_SUC LMC.MM.RF.SUC || BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT FAM.FD.LHB.LT || Lateral Habenula Lateral Part || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.SEP.LT || Lateral Septal Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || FEC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_RF_SUC LMC.MM.RF.SUC || BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_ICD FEC.FD.STN.ICD || Subthalamic Nucleus Internal Caudal || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || FMM || BrainRegionLMC_MM_RF_SUC LMC.MM.RF.SUC || BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || LAC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_RF_SUC LMC.MM.RF.SUC || BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PN LAC.FD.HT.PN || Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.FD.HT.SUM || Supramammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || LLC || BrainRegionLMC_HM_RP_OB LMC.HM.RP.OB || BrainRegionLLC_HP_CR_SC LLC.HP.CR.SC || Spinocerebellum || nucleus-allocortex-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.RP.PRN || BrainRegionLLC_HP_CR_SC LLC.HP.CR.SC || Spinocerebellum || nucleus-allocortex-5HT || (unknown reference) || || LPC || BrainRegionLMC_HM_RP_MG LMC.HM.RP.MG || BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_LSG LPC.SC.PH.LSG || Lower Substantia Gelatinosa || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || || LPC.SC.PH.USG || Upper Substantia Gelatinosa || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HM.RP.OB || BrainRegionLPC_SC_IZ_IMM LPC.SC.IZ.IMM || Intermediomedial Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HM.RP.PL || BrainRegionLPC_SC_PH_LMG LPC.SC.PH.LMG || Lower Marginal Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || || LPC.SC.PH.UMG || Upper Marginal Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.MM.RP.DRN || BrainRegionLPC_FD_TH_PV LPC.FD.TH.PV || Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) ||

Acetylcholine - PNS Actions and CNS plasticity, arousal and reward

unavailable

|| *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || || LMC.FT.NBM || Basal Nucleus of Meynert || nucleus || FAU || Control imagination vs perception || ACh source, attention; modulatory nucleus || || LMC.HP.TG.DTG || Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || accurate landmark navigation || vestibular sensory information to mammllary bodies
for orientation || || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Modulating sustained attention or in mediating alerting responses || sleep, waking, motor function, learning and reward || || LMC.HP.TG.VTG || Ventral Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || moderates hippocampal-driven rhythmic firing frequency in medial mammillary || contribute to episodic memory and new learning in
humans as well as spatial memory ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || NSA || BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_LDT LMC.HP.TG.LDT || BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_SG NSA.FD.TH.SG || Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus || [Head Direction Cell Circuit (SUPGEN -> DTN)] || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM || BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_AB FAM.FT.AM.AB || Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.AM.BP || Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.AM.CEM || Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.BNST || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.DTG || BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || BrainRegionFAM_HP_PPN_RMTG FAM.HP.PPN.RMTG || Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.VTG || BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED FAM.FD.LHB.MED || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || FEC || BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM || BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_CD FEC.FD.STN.CD || Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || FEC.FT.ACC.SH || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || [Affective basal ganglia circuit (NACC -> nBM, abstract)] || || FMM || BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_LDT LMC.HP.TG.LDT || BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB || Lateral Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || [Head Direction Cell Circuit (LMB -> DTN)] || || LRC || BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_DTG LMC.HP.TG.DTG || BrainRegionLRC_HM_NPH LRC.HM.NPH || Prepositus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || NDM || BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM || BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_FPC NDM.NC.AL.FPC || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-ACh || [Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (NBM -> MPFC, abstract)] || || NSA || BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM || BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_V1 NSA.NC.OCC.V1 || Primary Visual Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-ACh || (unknown reference) || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM LMC.FT.NBM || BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM FAM.FT.AM.BM || Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || BrainRegionFAM_HP_PPN_IPD FAM.HP.PPN.IPD || Interpeduncular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || [Head Direction Cell Circuit (DTN -> IPD)] || || FMM || BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_DTG LMC.HP.TG.DTG || BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB FMM.FD.MB.LMB || Lateral Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.VTG || BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LAC || BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_LDT LMC.HP.TG.LDT || BrainRegionLAC_HM_SAL_ISL LAC.HM.SAL.ISL || Inferior Salivatory Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.HM.SAL.SSL || Superior Salivatory Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || (unknown reference) || || LMC || BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_VTG LMC.HP.TG.VTG || BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA || Ventral Tegmental Area || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LRC || BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_LDT LMC.HP.TG.LDT || BrainRegionLRC_HM_NPH LRC.HM.NPH || Prepositus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || [Head Direction Cell Circuit (DTN -> NPRP)] ||

Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness

unavailable

|| *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || || LMC.MM.VTA || Ventral Tegmental Area || nucleus || LUS || Respond to novel stimuli, unexpected rewards, and reward predictive sensory cues || ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA || BrainRegionFAM_FT_BNST FAM.FT.BNST || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || FEC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA || BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_CORE FEC.FT.ACC.CORE || Nucleus Accumbens Core || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || [Reward circuit of human brain (NACC -> VTA, abstract)] || || LMC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA || BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_VTG LMC.HP.TG.VTG || Ventral Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || NDM || BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA || BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG NDM.NC.AL.DACG || Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area || nucleus-neocortex-DA || (unknown reference) || || || || NDM.NC.AL.FPC || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-DA || [Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> PFC, abstract)] || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA || BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEC FAM.FT.AM.CEC || Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> AM, abstract)] || || FEC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA || BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH FEC.FT.ACC.SH || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [Craving (VTA -> NACC, abstract)] || || FMM || BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA || BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB FMM.FD.MB.MMB || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)] || || || || FMM.FT.HC.CA1D || Distal CA1 of Hippocampus || nucleus-allocortex-DA || [Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> HC, abstract)] || || || || FMM.NC.PH.LEC || Lateral Entorhinal Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-DA || [Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VTA -> EC, abstract)] || || LAC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA LMC.MM.VTA || BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PO LAC.FD.HT.PO || Preoptic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> MPOA)] || || || || LAC.FD.HT.PRM || Premammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.FD.HT.PV || Paraventricular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> PVN)] ||

Enkephalin - Regulating Nociception in Body

unavailable

|| *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || || LMC.MM.PAG || Periaqueductal Gray Matter || nucleus || LUS || Descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour || if there is a lesion in the PAG, then consciousness
is lost; electrical stimulation of the PAG results
in immediate and profound analgesia; modulatory
nucleus ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || NCP || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || BrainRegionNCP_NC_AL_SGCG NCP.NC.AL.SGCG || Subgenual Cingulate Cortex || neocortex-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEM FAM.FT.AM.CEM || Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || [Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> PAG, abstract)] || || LAC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM LAC.FD.HT.VM || Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Subcortical || || || || || || || LAC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || BrainRegionLAC_HP_BR LAC.HP.BR || Barrington's Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || [Schematic overview of spinobulbospinal micturition reflex pathway (PAG -> BAR)] || || LLC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || BrainRegionLLC_FD_TH_SF LLC.FD.TH.SF || Subfascicular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || LMC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || BrainRegionLMC_HM_RP_MG LMC.HM.RP.MG || Raphe Magnus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || || || LMC.HM.RP.PL || Raphe Pallidus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || LPC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || BrainRegionLPC_FD_TH_PV LPC.FD.TH.PV || Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || || || LPC.HM.AMB || Ambiguus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || LRC || BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG LMC.MM.PAG || BrainRegionLRC_HM_RA LRC.HM.RA || Retroambigualis Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || || || LRC.HP.PN.SC || Nucleus Subceruleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) ||

Norepinephrine - Vigilant Concentration, Stress Hormone, Fight-or-Flight Response

unavailable

|| *Component ID* || *Component Name* || *Type* || *Service* || *Function* || *Comments* || || LMC.HP.LC || Locus Coeruleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulate the intensity of responses to salient stimuli || NE Source, enhance signal-to-noise ratio,
suppressing irrelevant stimuli (lateral
inhibition); inhibitory nucleus ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| *Source Area* || *Local Region* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Cortical || || || || || || || NDM || BrainRegionLMC_HP_LC LMC.HP.LC || BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG NDM.NC.AL.VACG || Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area || neocortex-nucleus || [Vocal Control (Premotor24 -> RF, abstract)] || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || BrainRegionLMC_HP_LC LMC.HP.LC || BrainRegionFAM_FT_BNST FAM.FT.BNST || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LAC || BrainRegionLMC_HP_LC LMC.HP.LC || BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_DM LAC.FD.HT.DM || Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.FD.HT.TBM || Tuberomammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LRC || BrainRegionLMC_HP_LC LMC.HP.LC || BrainRegionLRC_HM_RF_MED LRC.HM.RF.MED || Central Medullary Reticular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| *Target Area* || *Local Region* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || BrainRegionLMC_HP_LC LMC.HP.LC || BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB FAM.FD.MHB || Medial Habenula || nucleus-nucleus-NE || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.SEP.DBB || Diagonal Band of Broca || nucleus-nucleus-NE || (unknown reference) || || FEC || BrainRegionLMC_HP_LC LMC.HP.LC || BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_MED FEC.FT.SNC.MED || Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Medial || nucleus-nucleus-NE || (unknown reference) || || LAC || BrainRegionLMC_HP_LC LMC.HP.LC || BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML LAC.SC.IZ.IML || Intermediolateral Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-NE || [Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (LC -> IML)] ||