Endocrine Glands

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This page covers biological details of component Endocrine Glands. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

Top-down path to region: Target -> Human Effectors (aHumanEffectors) -> Endocrine Glands (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE) (see Mind Maps)
Type: effector
Brain area: Effector Area
Role: unknown
Function: Secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward a distant target organ

(generated)

Components

(generated)

Component items:

Endocrine head (endocrine-head)
- Endocrine - pituitary gland: release hormones by request from HT
  - Adenohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.AR -> endocrine-adenohypophysis): secrete releasing hormones into blood
    - Distal Part of Hypophysis
    - Intermediate Part of Hypophysis
    - Tuberal Part of Hypophysis
  - Neurohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.SO -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin): transport vasopressin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
    - Infundibular Stem
    - Pars Nervosa of Hypophysis
  - Nucleus of Medial Eminence (LAC.FD.HT.PV -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin): transport oxytocin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
    - Anterior Median Eminence
    - Posterior Median Eminence
  - Lateral Eminence of Hypophysis
- Endocrine - pineal gland (endocrine-pineal-gland): control of sexual development
Endocrine neck (endocrine-neck)
- Endocrine - thyroid gland (LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> endocrine-thyroid-gland): release thyroid hormones into blood to rise oxygen use and heat production
- Endocrine - parathyroid gland (LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> endocrine-parathyroid-gland): release parathyroid hormones into blood to increase in blood calcium levels
Endocrine body (endocrine-body)
- Endocrine - pancreas (endocrine-pancreas): release digestive enzymes that act in small intestine to increase rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells
  - Endocrine - pancreas, sympathetic (LAC.PN.SYM.CEG -> endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic): sympathetic, a2: decreases secretion from beta cells, increases secretion from alpha cells, b2: increases secretion from beta cells
  - Endocrine - pancreas, parasympathetic (LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic): parasympathetic, stimulates insulin secretion, M3: increases stimulation of alpha cells and beta cells
- Endocrine - adrenal gland (LAC.PN.SYM.SMG -> endocrine-adrenal-gland): releasing hormones in response to stress
Endocrine - gonads (endocrine-gonads): release estrogen, progesterone and testosterone hormones to promote maturation of reproductive organs
- Endocrine - testicle gland (LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> endocrine-testicle-gland): produce androgens, primarily testosterone (growth of muscle mass and strength, regulator of cognitive and physical energy, sperm development
- Endocrine - ovary gland (LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> endocrine-ovary-gland): secretes estrogen (maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs), testosterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation) and progesterone (promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium

Connectivity

(generated)

TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE.dot.png

Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Reference
FAM	FAM.FD.MHB	Medial Habenula	endocrine-pineal-gland	Habenula Connections (MHb -> PB)
LAC	LAC.FD.HT.AR	Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus	endocrine-adenohypophysis	(unknown reference)
	LAC.FD.HT.PV	Paraventricular Nucleus	endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin	Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (HT.PV -> PUT)
	LAC.FD.HT.SO	Supraoptic Nucleus	endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT	Parasympathetic Gut Brain	endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.SYM.ARG	Aorticorenal Ganglion	endocrine-ovary-gland	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.SYM.CEG	Coelic Ganglion	endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.SYM.MCG	Middle Cervical Ganglion	endocrine-parathyroid-gland	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.SYM.SMG	Superior Mesenteric Ganglion	endocrine-adrenal-gland	(unknown reference)