Revision as of 10:28, 17 June 2015

Muscles of Human Torso

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This page is intended to list all muscles of biological human in the torso area. Related findings are structured by other research themes.

Coverage verified by:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Muscular_system
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_muscles_of_the_human_body
• https://www.msu.edu/user/vosskurt/Miscellaneous%20pages/musnvrt.htm

Trunk

Heart

(generated)

• Heart - ACh receptors of atrium muscles; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={vagus nerve, cardiac branch}; ACTION={decrease contractility}
• Heart - NE receptors of atrium muscles; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={lesser splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={increase contractility in the atria of the heart}
• Heart - lower cardiac muscle
  • Heart - lower cardiac muscle, middle; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={cervical cardiac nerve, middle, sympathetic}; ACTION={increase contractility}
  • Heart - lower cardiac muscle, stellar; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={cervical cardiac nerve, inferior, sympathetic}; ACTION={increase contractility}
• Heart - upper cardiac muscle; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={superior cervical cardiac nerve; superior cervical ganglion, laryngopharyngeal branches}; ACTION={increase contractility}

Visceral

(generated)

• Endocrine - adrenal gland; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={lesser splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={releasing hormones in response to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamines such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine}
• Vessels - heart blood vessels; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={jugular nerve, sympathetic}; ACTION={narrowing of the blood vessels}
• Vessels - thorathic arterial vasoconstrictors; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={greater thoracic splanchnic nerve; intercostal nerves, sympathetic fibers; thoracic sympatetic fibers, meningeal branches}; ACTION={narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles}

Back

(generated)

• Erector spinae muscles; ACTION={extends the vertebral column; unilaterally: flex the head and neck to the same side; bilaterally: extend the vertebral column}
  • Trunk - iliocostalis muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, flexors}; ACTION={extends and lateral flexes spine}
    • Iliocostalis cervicis
    • Iliocostalis dorsi
    • Iliocostalis lumborum
  • Trunk - longissimus muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={extends spine}
    • Longissimus capitis
    • Longissimus cervicis
    • Longissimus thoracis
  • Trunk - spinalis muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, flexors}; ACTION={lateral flexion of spine}
    • Spinalis capitis
    • Spinalis cervicis
    • Spinalis dorsi
• Minor deep layer of intrinsic back muscles
  • Trunk - interspinales muscles; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={aid in extension and rotation of vertebral column}
  • Trunk - intertransversarii muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={aid in lateral flexion of vertebral column; acting bilaterally, stabilize vertebral column}
  • Trunk - levatores costarum muscles; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={elevate ribs, assisting respiration; assist with lateral flexion of vertebral column}
• Transversospinales muscles
  • Semispinalis
    • Neck - semispinalis capitis; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={occipital nerve, greater}; ACTION={extend the head}
    • Trunk - semispinalis cervicis; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={extends and rotates the head to the contralateral side and also extends the ribs}
    • Trunk - semispinalis dorsi (thoracis); TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={extends vertebral column}
  • Trunk - multifidus muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column}
  • Trunk - rotatores muscles; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={motor nerves of back, flexors}; ACTION={facilitates the unilateral rotation and bilateral extension of the spine}

Abdomen

(generated)

• Reproductive organs
  • Female
    • Breast - nipple smooth muscles; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={splanchnic nerves, pelvic, nipple}; ACTION={female - erection of nipples due to contraction of smooth muscle}
    • Endocrine - ovary gland; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={superior ovarian nerve}; ACTION={secretes estrogen (maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs), testosterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation) and progesterone (promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium)}
    • Genitalia - bartholin gland; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, lubricate}; ACTION={secretes mucus to lubricate the vagina}
    • Genitalia - cervix; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, cervical}; ACTION={female - produces cervical mucus that changes in consistency during the menstrual cycle to prevent or promote pregnancy}
    • Genitalia - parasympathetic uterus vasodilators; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={splanchnic nerves, pelvic, uterovaginal}; ACTION={female - contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, increased blood flow}
    • Genitalia - parasympathetic vaginal vasodilators; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={splanchnic nerves, pelvic, uterovaginal}; ACTION={female - contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, increased blood flow}
    • Genitalia - skenes gland; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, lubricate}; ACTION={cause female ejaculation and G-Spot orgasms}
    • Genitalia - uterus, sympathetic contractors; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, uterovaginal}; ACTION={female - contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, decreased blood flow, loss of erection}
    • Genitalia - vagina, sympathetic vasoconstrictors; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, uterovaginal}; ACTION={female - vasoconstriction of fibromuscular tube, loss of erection}
  • Male
    • Endocrine - testicle gland; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={inferior spermatic nerve}; ACTION={produce androgens, primarily testosterone (growth of muscle mass and strength, regulator of cognitive and physical energy, sperm development}
    • Genitalia - cowper gland; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, lubricate}; ACTION={produces a clear, salty, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate, homologous to Bartholin glands in females}
    • Genitalia - cremaster muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={genitofemoral nerve, genital branch}; ACTION={raise and lower the scrotum, acts quickly, it is a reflex}
    • Genitalia - dartos muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={scrotal nerve, posterior}; ACTION={corrugates the scrotum; contraction reduces the surface area available for heat loss, thus reducing heat loss and warming the testicles; expansion increases the surface area, promoting heat loss and thus cooling the testicles.}
    • Genitalia - prostate gland; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, lubricate}; ACTION={secrete a slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance, constitutes 50-75 percents of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid}
    • Genitalia - vas deferens; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, prostatic}; ACTION={male - emission (prior to ejaculation), contracts, propelling sperm forward}
• Trunk muscles
  • Abdominal oblique muscle
    • Trunk - abdominal external oblique muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors}; ACTION={rotates torso}
    • Trunk - abdominal internal oblique muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={subcostal nerve, motor}; ACTION={compresses abdomen and rotates vertebral column}
  • Trunk - pyramidalis muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={subcostal nerve, motor}; ACTION={tensing the linea alba}
  • Trunk - quadratus lumborum muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={nerve to quadratus lumborum}; ACTION={extension of lumbar vertebral column, with bilateral contraction; alone, lateral flexion of vertebral column; together, depression of thoracic rib cage}
  • Trunk - rectus abdominis muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors}; ACTION={flexion of trunk/lumbar vertebrae}
  • Trunk - transversus abdominis muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={compress the ribs and viscera, providing thoracic and pelvic stability}
  • Vessels - renal blood vessels; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={lowest splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}

Chest

(generated)

• Intercostales
  • Innermost intercostal muscles
    • Trunk - subcostalis muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={synergist in aiding the internal intercostal muscles with forced exhalation}
    • Trunk - transversus thoracis muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={depresses the ribs; aids in exertional expiration by decreasing the transverse diameter of the thoracic cage}
  • Trunk - external intercostal muscles; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors}; ACTION={aid in quiet and forced inhalation}
  • Trunk - internal intercostal muscles; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={aid in forced expiration}
• Lung - glands of trachea, lungs, and bronchi; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={vagus nerve, bronchial branch}; ACTION={increase in airway secretions}
• Lung - smooth muscles of trachea and bronchial tree; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={vagus nerve, bronchial branch}; ACTION={constriction of trachea and bronchioles}
• Lung - thoracic diaphragm; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={phrenic nerve}; ACTION={increases thoracic cavity volume; inhalation}
• Serratus muscle
  • Trunk - serratus posterior inferior muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={depress the lower ribs, aiding in expiration}
  • Trunk - serratus posterior superior muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors}; ACTION={elevate the ribs which aids in inspiration}

Genitalia

Pelvis

(generated)

• Levator ani
  • Genitalia - pubococcygeus muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles}; ACTION={controls urine flow and contracts during orgasm}
  • Rectum - iliococcygeus muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles}; ACTION={supports the viscera in pelvic cavity}
  • Rectum - puborectalis muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles}; ACTION={inhibit defecation}
• Liver - abdominal alimentary tract glands; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={vagus nerve, hepatic branch}; ACTION={secretes bile into the small intestine via the bile duct employing the gallbladder as a reservoi}
• Rectum - coccygeus muscle; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles}; ACTION={pulls coccyx forward after defecation, closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis}
• Stomach - mucosal gastric glands; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to stomach}; ACTION={acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors cause an increase in gastric juice secretion}
• Stomach - outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscles; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to stomach}; ACTION={keep the mucosal surface and underlying glands in a constant state of gentle agitation to expel contents of glandular crypts and enhance contact between epithelium and the contents of the lumen}
• Vessels - breast blood vessels; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={intercostal nerves, sympathetic fibers}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}
• Vessels - liver blood vessels; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={greater thoracic splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}
• Vessels - stomach blood vessels; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={greater thoracic splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}

Perineum

(generated)

• Corpus cavernosum
  • Genitalia - corpus cavernosum clitoridis; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={cavernous nerves of clitoris}; ACTION={clitoral erection; simultaneously the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa restricting the egress and circulation of this blood}
  • Genitalia - corpus cavernosum penis; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={cavernous nerves of penis}; ACTION={penile erection; simultaneously the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa restricting the egress and circulation of this blood}
• Deep transverse perineal muscle
  • Genitalia - deep transverse perineal muscle, clitoris; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={dorsal nerve of clitoris}; ACTION={fixation of central tendon of perineum, support of pelvic floor, expulsion of semen in males and last drops of urine in both sexes}
  • Genitalia - deep transverse perineal muscle, penis; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={dorsal nerve of penis}; ACTION={fixation of central tendon of perineum, support of pelvic floor, expulsion of semen in males and last drops of urine in both sexes}
• Genitalia - bulbospongiosus muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={perineal nerve, deep branch}; ACTION={in males, empties the urethra; in females, clenches the vagina}
• Genitalia - ischiocavernosus muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={perineal nerve, deep branch}; ACTION={stabilize the erect penis or (in females) tense the vagina during orgasm}
• Rectum - superficial transverse perineal muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={nerve to superficial transverse perineal}; ACTION={Fixation of central tendon of perineum, support of pelvic floor}
• Sphincter ani
  • Rectum - sphincter ani internus muscle
    • Rectum - sphincter ani internus muscle, parasympathetic; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to rectum}; ACTION={keep the anal canal and anus closed, aids in the expulsion of the feces, inhibit contraction}
    • Rectum - sphincter ani internus muscle, sympathetic; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={right hypogastric nerve}; ACTION={stimulate and maintain internal anal sphincter contraction}
  • Sphincter ani externus muscle
    • Rectum - corrugator cutis ani muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={inferior rectal nerve}; ACTION={raises the skin into ridges around the margin of the anus}
    • Rectum - sphincter ani externus muscle; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={inferior rectal nerve}; ACTION={keep the anal canal and anus closed, aids in the expulsion of the feces}
• Urethral sphincter
  • Detrusor urinae muscle
    • Ureter - detrusor urinae muscle, parasympathetic; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to urinary bladder}; ACTION={parasympathetic contracts, to urinate}
    • Ureter - detrusor urinae muscle, sympathetic; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, ureteric}; ACTION={sympathetic relaxes, to store urine}
  • External sphincter muscle of urethra
    • Ureter - external sphincter muscle of female urethra; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={perineal nerve, deep branch}; ACTION={control urination, constricts urethra, maintain urinary continence}
    • Ureter - external sphincter muscle of male urethra; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={perineal nerve, deep branch}; ACTION={control urination, constricts urethra, maintain urinary continence}
  • Internal sphincter muscle of urethra
    • Ureter - internal sphincter muscle of urethra, parasympathetic; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to urinary bladder}; ACTION={parasympathetic relaxes the muscle}
    • Ureter - internal sphincter muscle of urethra, sympathetic; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={left hypogastric nerve, ureteric}; ACTION={sympathetic contracts the muscle}