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Biological Hierarchy Reduced

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This page is reduction of Full Biological Hierarchy for the purpose of modeling in aHuman.

Biological Reduction Rationale

• reduction hierarchy contains only functions copied to aHuman
• visual brain functions are regarded as generic sensory approach
• motor is replaced by effector, movement is action
• body remained as term, but its nature is completely different for aHuman
  • task performed for the mind is the same - default reward system and mandatory part for any action
  • hence somatosensory brain elements remained predefined mandatory sensor, body feeling.
• single hemisphere is assumed to be enough
• blood and heart are regarded as regulatory functions, controlling resources spent by brain
• thalamic area is primarily considered as relay, and to simplify picture, some direct ways, e.g. ACA to HCA are treated as passing via THA
• limbic lobe was split into parts allocated to other modules, because parts of limbic system seem to me quite different while having strong connections to specific parts
  • anterior cingulate cortex has strong bidirectional connections with anterior cortex and allocated to ACA, posterior cingulate - to PCA as well
  • secondary role of thalamic area is spreading of modulatory activity (sleep-awake cycle, hormones, neurotransmitters and others), and because of that septal nuclei allocated to THA
  • hippocampus is strong aligned with memory formation functions of temporal lobe - enthorinal and perirhinal cortices and eventually allocated to HCA
  • fornix is hippocampus communication facility and that's why allocated also to HCA
  • basal ganglia is rational primitive motor system and needs to be separate module because it is one of major non-cortical functions
  • amygdala is allocated to BGA because generating movements by emotional, but not rational signals

Biological Brain Hierarchy Reduction

• neocortex
  • frontal lobe
    • prefrontal cortex (personality, judgement, complex planning, inhibition, morality)
      • orbitofrontal cortex (involved in sensory integration, in representing the affective value of reinforcers, and in decision-making and expectation)
    • premotor cortex (patterned effector actions and planning)
    • primary motor cortex (individual actions)
      • frontal eye fields (control specific sensor)
  • parietal lobe
    • primary somatosensory cortex (anterior, basic sensations of the body)
    • superior parietal lobule (posterior, body sensations relationships, locating objects in space)
    • inferior parietal lobule (posterior, semantics, involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology)
    • intraparietal sulcus (posterior, essential in guidance of limb and eye movement)
    • general interpretation area (opinions)
  • occipital lobe
    • primary visual cortex (simple specific sensor spatial primitives)
    • visual associations (intermediate specific sensor spatial and temporal patterns)
    • fusiform gyris (object representation from specific sensor)
  • temporal lobe
    • insula (habits, visceral sensations)
    • parahippocampal gyrus (formation of spatial memory, encoding and recognition of scenes)
      • anterior parahippocampal gyrus
        • perirhinal cortex (specific sensor perception and memory, facilitates recognition and identification of environmental stimuli)
        • entorhinal cortex (hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation, autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep)
      • posterior parahippocampal gyrus (spatial declarative memory)
• limbic system
  • cingulate cortex (life resources consumption control, cognitive and attentional processing)
    • anterior cingulate cortex (error and conflict detection processes)
    • posterior cingulate cortex (episodic memory, emotion, navigation, resting)
  • amygdala (signalling cortex of motivationally significant stimuli)
  • septal nuclei (controller of theta rhythm, major source of projections to hippocampus)
  • hippocampus (detection of novel events, places and stimuli, spatial coding)
    • dentate gyrus (formation of memories, distinguishing multiple instances of similar events or multiple visits to the same location, stress and depression)
    • subiculum (spatial relations, working memory)
    • fornix (carries signals from the hippocampus)
  • basal ganglia (primitive effectors system)
    • striatum (planning and modulation of actions)
      • caudate nucleus (part of the learning and memory system)
      • putamen (regulate actions and influence various types of learning)
      • nucleus accumbens (reward, pleasure, addiction, fear)
        • nucleus accumbens core (acquisition and maintenance of a new strategy)
        • nucleus accumbens shell (mediate learning about irrelevant stimuli)
    • pallidum (reward and incentive motivation)
      • globus pallidus externa (main regulator of the basal ganglia system)
      • substantia nigra (reward, addiction, and actions)
    • subthalamic nucleus (action selection)
• diencephalon (relay system between sensory input neurons and other parts of the brain)
  • thalamus (relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness)
    • specific relay nuclei (project to/from specific functional area of neocortex)
      • lateral geniculate body (specific sensor -> specific sensor cortex area)
      • ventral posterior nucleus
        • ventral posterior lateral nucleus (body sensations -> primary somesthetic area)
      • ventral lateral/anterior nucleus (effector control feedback from cerebellum and striatum -> primary effector cortex)
    • association nuclei (project to association areas)
      • anterior nucleus (mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus)
      • medial nucleus (somatic sensory input from hypothalamus, amygdala -> prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum)
      • lateral nucleus (hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus)
      • posterior group nuclei (pain from spinothalamic tract and 5th cranial nerve -> insula)
      • pulvinar nuclei (reciprocal connections with association areas)
    • non-specific nuclei
      • intralaminar nuclei (basal ganglia, reticular formation -> all parts of neocortex, effector control system, perceptions of various modalities)
      • reticular nuclei (from all fibers leaving and entering the thalamus -> all thalamic nuclei, cortical regulation of the thalamic activity)
  • hypothalamus (modulatory, life support and the sleep/wake cycle)
    • mammillary body (relay from the amygdala and hippocampus to thalamus)
    • median eminence (stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary)
• brain stem (main sensory innervation)
  • medulla oblongata (autonomic, involuntary functions, relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord)
  • midbrain
    • tectum
      • superior colliculus (preliminary specific sensor processing and control of specific sensor)
    • cerebral peduncle
      • midbrain tegmentum (involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways)
      • crus cerebri (contains effector tracts)
      • substantia nigra (sensor control, effector planning, reward seeking, learning, and addiction)
  • pons (relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, equilibrium, sensor control, expressing emotions)
    • cranial nerves
      • 2 - optic nerve (transmits specific sensor information to the brain)
      • 3 - oculomotor nerve (perform most sensor control)
      • 4 - trochlear nerve (perform certain sensor control)
      • 6 - abducens nerve (perform certain sensor control)
• cerebellum (complex actions, sequential thinking, attention, coordination, precision, and accurate timing)
  • peduncles
    • inferior cerebellar peduncle (to/from medulla/spinal cord)
    • middle cerebellar peduncle (from pons)
    • superior cerebellar peduncle (to midbrain)
    • arbor vitae (brings sensory/motor information to/from cerebellum)
  • spinocerebellum (control actions power and coordination of multiple actions, cerebellum/basal ganglia/neocortex effector actions)
  • cerebrocerebellum (participates in planning actions, sensory/prefrontal -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> motor cortex -> effectors
  • choroid plexus (inhibits neuronal maturation)
• spinal cord
  • anterolateral system (body feeling pathway)
  • corticospinal tract (effector pathway for upper effector neuronal signals coming from the cerebral cortex/basal ganglia)
    • lateral corticospinal tract (distal effector actions)
    • anterior cortical spinal tract (affect general body state)
  • ventral spinocerebellar tract (proprioceptive information travels up the spinal cord)
  • dorsal spinocerebellar tract (conveys inconscient proprioceptive information)