HumanMusclesTorso

Muscles of Human Torso

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This page is intended to list all muscles of biological human in the torso area. Related findings are structured by other research themes.

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Coverage verified by:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Muscular_system
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_muscles_of_the_human_body
• https://www.msu.edu/user/vosskurt/Miscellaneous%20pages/musnvrt.htm

Trunk

Heart

(generated)

• *[- ACh receptors of atrium muscles]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, cardiac branch}; ACTION={decrease contractility}
• *[- NE receptors of atrium muscles]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThoracic lesser splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={increase contractility in the atria of the heart}
• *Heart - lower cardiac muscle*

* *[- lower cardiac muscle, middle]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical cervical cardiac nerve, middle, sympathetic}; ACTION={increase contractility}
* *[- lower cardiac muscle, stellar]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical cervical cardiac nerve, inferior, sympathetic}; ACTION={increase contractility}

• *[- upper cardiac muscle]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical superior cervical cardiac nerve; HumanNervesSpinalCervical superior cervical ganglion, laryngopharyngeal branches}; ACTION={increase contractility}

Visceral

(generated)

• *[- adrenal gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThoracic lesser splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={releasing hormones in response to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamines such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine}
• *[- heart blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical jugular nerve, sympathetic}; ACTION={narrowing of the blood vessels}
• *[- thorathic arterial vasoconstrictors]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThoracic greater thoracic splanchnic nerve; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic intercostal nerves, sympathetic fibers; HumanNervesSpinalThoracic thoracic sympatetic fibers, meningeal branches}; ACTION={narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles}

Back

(generated)

• *[spinae muscles]*; ACTION={extends the vertebral column; unilaterally: flex the head and neck to the same side; bilaterally: extend the vertebral column}

* *[- iliocostalis muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, flexors}; ACTION={extends and lateral flexes spine}
 * *Iliocostalis cervicis*
 * *Iliocostalis dorsi*
 * *Iliocostalis lumborum*
* *[- longissimus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={extends spine}
 * *Longissimus capitis*
 * *Longissimus cervicis*
 * *Longissimus thoracis*
* *[- spinalis muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, flexors}; ACTION={lateral flexion of spine}
 * *Spinalis capitis*
 * *Spinalis cervicis*
 * *Spinalis dorsi*

• *Minor deep layer of intrinsic back muscles*

* *[- interspinales muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={aid in extension and rotation of vertebral column}
* *[- intertransversarii muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={aid in lateral flexion of vertebral column; acting bilaterally, stabilize vertebral column}
* *[- levatores costarum muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={elevate ribs, assisting respiration; assist with lateral flexion of vertebral column}

• *Transversospinales muscles*

* *Semispinalis*
 * *[- semispinalis capitis]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical occipital nerve, greater}; ACTION={extend the head}
 * *[- semispinalis cervicis]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={extends and rotates the head to the contralateral side and also extends the ribs}
 * *[- semispinalis dorsi (thoracis)]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={extends vertebral column}
* *[- multifidus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, extensors}; ACTION={stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column}
* *[- rotatores muscles]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk motor nerves of back, flexors}; ACTION={facilitates the unilateral rotation and bilateral extension of the spine}

Abdomen

(generated)

• *Reproductive organs*

* *Female*
 * *[- nipple smooth muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, nipple}; ACTION={female - erection of nipples due to contraction of smooth muscle}
 * *[- ovary gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThoracic superior ovarian nerve}; ACTION={secretes estrogen (maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs), testosterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation) and progesterone (promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium)}
 * *[- bartholin gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, lubricate}; ACTION={secretes mucus to lubricate the vagina}
 * *[- cervix]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, cervical}; ACTION={female - produces cervical mucus that changes in consistency during the menstrual cycle to prevent or promote pregnancy}
 * *[- parasympathetic uterus vasodilators]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, uterovaginal}; ACTION={female - contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, increased blood flow}
 * *[- parasympathetic vaginal vasodilators]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, uterovaginal}; ACTION={female - contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, increased blood flow}
 * *[- skenes gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, lubricate}; ACTION={cause female ejaculation and G-Spot orgasms}
 * *[- uterus, sympathetic contractors]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, uterovaginal}; ACTION={female - contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, decreased blood flow, loss of erection}
 * *[- vagina, sympathetic vasoconstrictors]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, uterovaginal}; ACTION={female - vasoconstriction of fibromuscular tube, loss of erection}
* *Male*
 * *[- testicle gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThoracic inferior spermatic nerve}; ACTION={produce androgens, primarily testosterone (growth of muscle mass and strength, regulator of cognitive and physical energy, sperm development}
 * *[- cowper gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, lubricate}; ACTION={produces a clear, salty, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate, homologous to Bartholin glands in females}
 * *[- cremaster muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital genitofemoral nerve, genital branch}; ACTION={raise and lower the scrotum, acts quickly, it is a reflex}
 * *[- dartos muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital scrotal nerve, posterior}; ACTION={corrugates the scrotum; contraction reduces the surface area available for heat loss, thus reducing heat loss and warming the testicles; expansion increases the surface area, promoting heat loss and thus cooling the testicles.}
 * *[- prostate gland]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, lubricate}; ACTION={secrete a slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance, constitutes 50-75 percents of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid}
 * *[- vas deferens]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, prostatic}; ACTION={male - emission (prior to ejaculation), contracts, propelling sperm forward}

• *Trunk muscles*

* *Abdominal oblique muscle*
 * *[- abdominal external oblique muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors}; ACTION={rotates torso}
 * *[- abdominal internal oblique muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk subcostal nerve, motor}; ACTION={compresses abdomen and rotates vertebral column}
* *[- pyramidalis muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk subcostal nerve, motor}; ACTION={tensing the linea alba}
* *[- quadratus lumborum muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThigh nerve to quadratus lumborum}; ACTION={extension of lumbar vertebral column, with bilateral contraction; alone, lateral flexion of vertebral column; together, depression of thoracic rib cage}
* *[- rectus abdominis muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors}; ACTION={flexion of trunk/lumbar vertebrae}
* *[- transversus abdominis muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={compress the ribs and viscera, providing thoracic and pelvic stability}
* *[- renal blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThoracic lowest splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}

Chest

(generated)

• *Intercostales*

* *[intercostal muscles]*
 * *[- subcostalis muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={synergist in aiding the internal intercostal muscles with forced exhalation}
 * *[- transversus thoracis muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={depresses the ribs; aids in exertional expiration by decreasing the transverse diameter of the thoracic cage}
* *[- external intercostal muscles]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors}; ACTION={aid in quiet and forced inhalation}
* *[- internal intercostal muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={aid in forced expiration}

• *[- glands of trachea, lungs, and bronchi]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, bronchial branch}; ACTION={increase in airway secretions}
• *[- smooth muscles of trachea and bronchial tree]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, bronchial branch}; ACTION={constriction of trachea and bronchioles}
• *[- thoracic diaphragm]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalCervical phrenic nerve}; ACTION={increases thoracic cavity volume; inhalation}
• *Serratus muscle*

* *[- serratus posterior inferior muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, extensors}; ACTION={depress the lower ribs, aiding in expiration}
* *[- serratus posterior superior muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalTrunk thoracic and thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves, flexors}; ACTION={elevate the ribs which aids in inspiration}

Genitalia

Pelvis

(generated)

• *Levator ani*

* *[- pubococcygeus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles}; ACTION={controls urine flow and contracts during orgasm}
* *[- iliococcygeus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles}; ACTION={supports the viscera in pelvic cavity}
* *[- puborectalis muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles}; ACTION={inhibit defecation}

• *[- abdominal alimentary tract glands]*; TYPE={gland}; NERVES={HumanNervesCranial vagus nerve, hepatic branch}; ACTION={secretes bile into the small intestine via the bile duct employing the gallbladder as a reservoi}
• *[- coccygeus muscle]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerves to coccygeus and levator ani muscles}; ACTION={pulls coccyx forward after defecation, closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis}
• *[- mucosal gastric glands]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to stomach}; ACTION={acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors cause an increase in gastric juice secretion}
• *[- outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscles]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to stomach}; ACTION={keep the mucosal surface and underlying glands in a constant state of gentle agitation to expel contents of glandular crypts and enhance contact between epithelium and the contents of the lumen}
• *[- breast blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThoracic intercostal nerves, sympathetic fibers}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}
• *[- liver blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThoracic greater thoracic splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}
• *[- stomach blood vessels]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalThoracic greater thoracic splanchnic nerve}; ACTION={contract blood vessels}

Perineum

(generated)

• *Corpus cavernosum*

* *[- corpus cavernosum clitoridis]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital cavernous nerves of clitoris}; ACTION={clitoral erection; simultaneously the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa restricting the egress and circulation of this blood}
* *[- corpus cavernosum penis]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital cavernous nerves of penis}; ACTION={penile erection; simultaneously the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa restricting the egress and circulation of this blood}

• *Deep transverse perineal muscle*

* *[- deep transverse perineal muscle, clitoris]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital dorsal nerve of clitoris}; ACTION={fixation of central tendon of perineum, support of pelvic floor, expulsion of semen in males and last drops of urine in both sexes}
* *[- deep transverse perineal muscle, penis]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital dorsal nerve of penis}; ACTION={fixation of central tendon of perineum, support of pelvic floor, expulsion of semen in males and last drops of urine in both sexes}

• *[- bulbospongiosus muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital perineal nerve, deep branch}; ACTION={in males, empties the urethra; in females, clenches the vagina}
• *[- ischiocavernosus muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital perineal nerve, deep branch}; ACTION={stabilize the erect penis or (in females) tense the vagina during orgasm}
• *[- superficial transverse perineal muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital nerve to superficial transverse perineal}; ACTION={Fixation of central tendon of perineum, support of pelvic floor}
• *Sphincter ani*

* *Rectum - sphincter ani internus muscle*
 * *[- sphincter ani internus muscle, parasympathetic]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to rectum}; ACTION={keep the anal canal and anus closed, aids in the expulsion of the feces, inhibit contraction}
 * *[- sphincter ani internus muscle, sympathetic]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital right hypogastric nerve}; ACTION={stimulate and maintain internal anal sphincter contraction}
* *Sphincter ani externus muscle*
 * *[- corrugator cutis ani muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital inferior rectal nerve}; ACTION={raises the skin into ridges around the margin of the anus}
 * *[- sphincter ani externus muscle]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital inferior rectal nerve}; ACTION={keep the anal canal and anus closed, aids in the expulsion of the feces}

• *Urethral sphincter*

* *Detrusor urinae muscle*
 * *[- detrusor urinae muscle, parasympathetic]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to urinary bladder}; ACTION={parasympathetic contracts, to urinate}
 * *[- detrusor urinae muscle, sympathetic]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, ureteric}; ACTION={sympathetic relaxes, to store urine}
* *External sphincter muscle of urethra*
 * *[- external sphincter muscle of female urethra]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital perineal nerve, deep branch}; ACTION={control urination, constricts urethra, maintain urinary continence}
 * *[- external sphincter muscle of male urethra]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital perineal nerve, deep branch}; ACTION={control urination, constricts urethra, maintain urinary continence}
* *Internal sphincter muscle of urethra*
 * *[- internal sphincter muscle of urethra, parasympathetic]*; TYPE={extensor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital splanchnic nerves, pelvic, to urinary bladder}; ACTION={parasympathetic relaxes the muscle}
 * *[- internal sphincter muscle of urethra, sympathetic]*; TYPE={flexor}; NERVES={HumanNervesSpinalGenital left hypogastric nerve, ureteric}; ACTION={sympathetic contracts the muscle}