Difference between revisions of "BiologicalHierarchyReduced"

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<pre style="color: green">Biological Hierarchy Reduced</pre>
 
<pre style="color: green">Biological Hierarchy Reduced</pre>
 
[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BiologicalHierarchyReduced]]
 
[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BiologicalHierarchyReduced]]
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* motor is replaced by effector, movement is action
 
* motor is replaced by effector, movement is action
 
* body remained as term, but its nature is completely different for aHuman
 
* body remained as term, but its nature is completely different for aHuman
* task performed for the mind is the same - default reward system and mandatory part for any action
+
** task performed for the mind is the same - default reward system and mandatory part for any action
* hence somatosensory brain elements remained predefined mandatory sensor, body feeling.
+
** hence somatosensory brain elements remained predefined mandatory sensor, body feeling.
 
* single hemisphere is assumed to be enough
 
* single hemisphere is assumed to be enough
 
* blood and heart are regarded as regulatory functions, controlling resources spent by brain
 
* blood and heart are regarded as regulatory functions, controlling resources spent by brain
 
* thalamic area is primarily considered as relay, and to simplify picture, some direct ways, e.g. ACA to HCA are treated as passing via THA
 
* thalamic area is primarily considered as relay, and to simplify picture, some direct ways, e.g. ACA to HCA are treated as passing via THA
 
* limbic lobe was split into parts allocated to other modules, because parts of limbic system seem to me quite different while having strong connections to specific parts
 
* limbic lobe was split into parts allocated to other modules, because parts of limbic system seem to me quite different while having strong connections to specific parts
* anterior cingulate cortex has strong bidirectional connections with anterior cortex and allocated to ACA, posterior cingulate - to PCA as well
+
** anterior cingulate cortex has strong bidirectional connections with anterior cortex and allocated to ACA, posterior cingulate - to PCA as well
* secondary role of thalamic area is spreading of modulatory activity (sleep-awake cycle, hormones, neurotransmitters and others), and because of that septal nuclei allocated to THA  
+
** secondary role of thalamic area is spreading of modulatory activity (sleep-awake cycle, hormones, neurotransmitters and others), and because of that septal nuclei allocated to THA  
* hippocampus is strong aligned with memory formation functions of temporal lobe - enthorinal and perirhinal cortices and eventually allocated to HCA
+
** hippocampus is strong aligned with memory formation functions of temporal lobe - enthorinal and perirhinal cortices and eventually allocated to HCA
* fornix is hippocampus communication facility and that's why allocated also to HCA
+
** fornix is hippocampus communication facility and that's why allocated also to HCA
* basal ganglia is rational primitive motor system and needs to be separate module because it is one of major non-cortical functions
+
** basal ganglia is rational primitive motor system and needs to be separate module because it is one of major non-cortical functions
* amygdala is allocated to BGA because generating movements by emotional, but not rational signals
+
** amygdala is allocated to BGA because generating movements by emotional, but not rational signals
  
 
== Biological Brain Hierarchy Reduction ==
 
== Biological Brain Hierarchy Reduction ==
  
 
* neocortex
 
* neocortex
* frontal lobe
+
** frontal lobe
  * *prefrontal cortex* (personality, judgement, complex planning, inhibition, morality)
+
*** '''prefrontal cortex''' (personality, judgement, complex planning, inhibition, morality)
  * *orbitofrontal cortex* (involved in sensory integration, in representing the affective value of reinforcers, and in decision-making and expectation)
+
**** '''orbitofrontal cortex''' (involved in sensory integration, in representing the affective value of reinforcers, and in decision-making and expectation)
  * *premotor cortex* (patterned effector actions and planning)
+
*** '''premotor cortex''' (patterned effector actions and planning)
  * *primary motor cortex* (individual actions)
+
*** '''primary motor cortex''' (individual actions)
  * *frontal eye fields* (control specific sensor)
+
**** '''frontal eye fields''' (control specific sensor)
* parietal lobe
+
** parietal lobe
  * *primary somatosensory cortex* (anterior, basic sensations of the body)
+
*** '''primary somatosensory cortex''' (anterior, basic sensations of the body)
  * *superior parietal lobule* (posterior, body sensations relationships, locating objects in space)
+
*** '''superior parietal lobule''' (posterior, body sensations relationships, locating objects in space)
  * *inferior parietal lobule* (posterior, semantics, involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology)
+
*** '''inferior parietal lobule''' (posterior, semantics, involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology)
  * *intraparietal sulcus* (posterior, essential in guidance of limb and eye movement)
+
*** '''intraparietal sulcus''' (posterior, essential in guidance of limb and eye movement)
  * *general interpretation area* (opinions)
+
*** '''general interpretation area''' (opinions)
* occipital lobe
+
** occipital lobe
  * *primary visual cortex* (simple specific sensor spatial primitives)
+
*** '''primary visual cortex''' (simple specific sensor spatial primitives)
  * *visual associations* (intermediate specific sensor spatial and temporal patterns)
+
*** '''visual associations''' (intermediate specific sensor spatial and temporal patterns)
  * *fusiform gyris* (object representation from specific sensor)
+
*** '''fusiform gyris''' (object representation from specific sensor)
* temporal lobe
+
** temporal lobe
  * *insula* (habits, visceral sensations)
+
*** '''insula''' (habits, visceral sensations)
  * *parahippocampal gyrus* (formation of spatial memory, encoding and recognition of scenes)
+
*** '''parahippocampal gyrus''' (formation of spatial memory, encoding and recognition of scenes)
  * anterior parahippocampal gyrus
+
**** anterior parahippocampal gyrus
    * *perirhinal cortex* (specific sensor perception and memory, facilitates recognition and identification of environmental stimuli)
+
***** '''perirhinal cortex''' (specific sensor perception and memory, facilitates recognition and identification of environmental stimuli)
    * *entorhinal cortex* (hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation, autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep)
+
***** '''entorhinal cortex''' (hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation, autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep)
  * *posterior parahippocampal gyrus* (spatial declarative memory)
+
**** '''posterior parahippocampal gyrus''' (spatial declarative memory)
 
* limbic system
 
* limbic system
* *cingulate cortex* (life resources consumption control, cognitive and attentional processing)
+
** '''cingulate cortex''' (life resources consumption control, cognitive and attentional processing)
  * *anterior cingulate cortex* (error and conflict detection processes)
+
*** '''anterior cingulate cortex''' (error and conflict detection processes)
  * *posterior cingulate cortex* (episodic memory, emotion, navigation, resting)
+
*** '''posterior cingulate cortex''' (episodic memory, emotion, navigation, resting)
* [[bioAmygdala|amygdala]] (signalling cortex of motivationally significant stimuli)
+
** [[bioAmygdala|amygdala]] (signalling cortex of motivationally significant stimuli)
* *septal nuclei* (controller of theta rhythm, major source of projections to hippocampus)
+
** '''septal nuclei''' (controller of theta rhythm, major source of projections to hippocampus)
* *hippocampus* (detection of novel events, places and stimuli, spatial coding)
+
** '''hippocampus''' (detection of novel events, places and stimuli, spatial coding)
  * *dentate gyrus* (formation of memories, distinguishing multiple instances of similar events or multiple visits to the same location, stress and depression)
+
*** '''dentate gyrus''' (formation of memories, distinguishing multiple instances of similar events or multiple visits to the same location, stress and depression)
  * *subiculum* (spatial relations, working memory)
+
*** '''subiculum''' (spatial relations, working memory)
  * *fornix* (carries signals from the hippocampus)
+
*** '''fornix''' (carries signals from the hippocampus)
* [[bioBasalGanglia|basal ganglia]] (primitive effectors system)
+
** [[bioBasalGanglia|basal ganglia]] (primitive effectors system)
  * *striatum* (planning and modulation of actions)
+
*** '''striatum''' (planning and modulation of actions)
  * *caudate nucleus* (part of the learning and memory system)
+
**** '''caudate nucleus''' (part of the learning and memory system)
  * *putamen* (regulate actions and influence various types of learning)
+
**** '''putamen''' (regulate actions and influence various types of learning)
  * *nucleus accumbens* (reward, pleasure, addiction, fear)
+
**** '''nucleus accumbens''' (reward, pleasure, addiction, fear)
    * *nucleus accumbens core* (acquisition and maintenance of a new strategy)
+
***** '''nucleus accumbens core''' (acquisition and maintenance of a new strategy)
    * *nucleus accumbens shell* (mediate learning about irrelevant stimuli)
+
***** '''nucleus accumbens shell''' (mediate learning about irrelevant stimuli)
  * *pallidum* (reward and incentive motivation)
+
*** '''pallidum''' (reward and incentive motivation)
  * *globus pallidus externa* (main regulator of the basal ganglia system)
+
**** '''globus pallidus externa''' (main regulator of the basal ganglia system)
  * *substantia nigra* (reward, addiction, and actions)
+
**** '''substantia nigra''' (reward, addiction, and actions)
  * *subthalamic nucleus* (action selection)
+
*** '''subthalamic nucleus''' (action selection)
 
* diencephalon (relay system between sensory input neurons and other parts of the brain)
 
* diencephalon (relay system between sensory input neurons and other parts of the brain)
* [[bioThalamus|thalamus]] (relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness)
+
** [[bioThalamus|thalamus]] (relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness)
  * *specific relay nuclei* (project to/from specific functional area of neocortex)
+
*** '''specific relay nuclei''' (project to/from specific functional area of neocortex)
  * *lateral geniculate body* (specific sensor -> specific sensor cortex area)
+
**** '''lateral geniculate body''' (specific sensor -> specific sensor cortex area)
  * ventral posterior nucleus
+
**** ventral posterior nucleus
    * *ventral posterior lateral nucleus* (body sensations -> primary somesthetic area)
+
***** '''ventral posterior lateral nucleus''' (body sensations -> primary somesthetic area)
  * *ventral lateral/anterior nucleus* (effector control feedback from cerebellum and striatum -> primary effector cortex)
+
**** '''ventral lateral/anterior nucleus''' (effector control feedback from cerebellum and striatum -> primary effector cortex)
  * *association nuclei* (project to association areas)
+
*** '''association nuclei''' (project to association areas)
  * *anterior nucleus* (mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus)
+
**** '''anterior nucleus''' (mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus)
  * *medial nucleus* (somatic sensory input from hypothalamus, amygdala -> prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum)
+
**** '''medial nucleus''' (somatic sensory input from hypothalamus, amygdala -> prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum)
  * *lateral nucleus* (hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus)
+
**** '''lateral nucleus''' (hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus)
  * *posterior group nuclei* (pain from spinothalamic tract and 5th cranial nerve -> insula)
+
**** '''posterior group nuclei''' (pain from spinothalamic tract and 5th cranial nerve -> insula)
  * *pulvinar nuclei* (reciprocal connections with association areas)
+
**** '''pulvinar nuclei''' (reciprocal connections with association areas)
  * non-specific nuclei
+
*** non-specific nuclei
  * *intralaminar nuclei* (basal ganglia, reticular formation -> all parts of neocortex, effector control system, perceptions of various modalities)
+
**** '''intralaminar nuclei''' (basal ganglia, reticular formation -> all parts of neocortex, effector control system, perceptions of various modalities)
  * *reticular nuclei* (from all fibers leaving and entering the thalamus -> all thalamic nuclei, cortical regulation of the thalamic activity)
+
**** '''reticular nuclei''' (from all fibers leaving and entering the thalamus -> all thalamic nuclei, cortical regulation of the thalamic activity)
* *hypothalamus* (modulatory, life support and the sleep/wake cycle)
+
** '''hypothalamus''' (modulatory, life support and the sleep/wake cycle)
  * *mammillary body* (relay from the amygdala and hippocampus to thalamus)
+
*** '''mammillary body''' (relay from the amygdala and hippocampus to thalamus)
  * *median eminence* (stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary)
+
*** '''median eminence''' (stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary)
* *brain stem* (main sensory innervation)
+
* '''brain stem''' (main sensory innervation)
* *medulla oblongata* (autonomic, involuntary functions, relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord)
+
** '''medulla oblongata''' (autonomic, involuntary functions, relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord)
* midbrain
+
** midbrain
  * tectum
+
*** tectum
  * *superior colliculus* (preliminary specific sensor processing and control of specific sensor)
+
**** '''superior colliculus''' (preliminary specific sensor processing and control of specific sensor)
  * cerebral peduncle
+
*** cerebral peduncle
  * *midbrain tegmentum* (involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways)
+
**** '''midbrain tegmentum''' (involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways)
  * *crus cerebri* (contains effector tracts)
+
**** '''crus cerebri''' (contains effector tracts)
  * *substantia nigra* (sensor control, effector planning, reward seeking, learning, and addiction)
+
**** '''substantia nigra''' (sensor control, effector planning, reward seeking, learning, and addiction)
* *pons* (relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, equilibrium, sensor control, expressing emotions)
+
** '''pons''' (relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, equilibrium, sensor control, expressing emotions)
  * cranial nerves
+
*** cranial nerves
  * 2 - *optic nerve* (transmits specific sensor information to the brain)
+
**** 2 - '''optic nerve''' (transmits specific sensor information to the brain)
  * 3 - *oculomotor nerve* (perform most sensor control)
+
**** 3 - '''oculomotor nerve''' (perform most sensor control)
  * 4 - *trochlear nerve* (perform certain sensor control)
+
**** 4 - '''trochlear nerve''' (perform certain sensor control)
  * 6 - *abducens nerve* (perform certain sensor control)
+
**** 6 - '''abducens nerve''' (perform certain sensor control)
* *cerebellum* (complex actions, sequential thinking, attention, coordination, precision, and accurate timing)
+
* '''cerebellum''' (complex actions, sequential thinking, attention, coordination, precision, and accurate timing)
* peduncles
+
** peduncles
  * *inferior cerebellar peduncle* (to/from medulla/spinal cord)
+
*** '''inferior cerebellar peduncle''' (to/from medulla/spinal cord)
  * *middle cerebellar peduncle* (from pons)
+
*** '''middle cerebellar peduncle''' (from pons)
  * *superior cerebellar peduncle* (to midbrain)
+
*** '''superior cerebellar peduncle''' (to midbrain)
  * *arbor vitae* (brings sensory/motor information to/from cerebellum)
+
*** '''arbor vitae''' (brings sensory/motor information to/from cerebellum)
* *spinocerebellum* (control actions power and coordination of multiple actions, cerebellum/basal ganglia/neocortex effector actions)
+
** '''spinocerebellum''' (control actions power and coordination of multiple actions, cerebellum/basal ganglia/neocortex effector actions)
* *cerebrocerebellum* (participates in planning actions, sensory/prefrontal -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> motor cortex -> effectors
+
** '''cerebrocerebellum''' (participates in planning actions, sensory/prefrontal -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> motor cortex -> effectors
* *choroid plexus* (inhibits neuronal maturation)
+
** '''choroid plexus''' (inhibits neuronal maturation)
 
* spinal cord
 
* spinal cord
* *anterolateral system* (body feeling pathway)
+
** '''anterolateral system''' (body feeling pathway)
* *corticospinal tract* (effector pathway for upper effector neuronal signals coming from the cerebral cortex/basal ganglia)
+
** '''corticospinal tract''' (effector pathway for upper effector neuronal signals coming from the cerebral cortex/basal ganglia)
  * *lateral corticospinal tract* (distal effector actions)
+
*** '''lateral corticospinal tract''' (distal effector actions)
  * *anterior cortical spinal tract* (affect general body state)
+
*** '''anterior cortical spinal tract''' (affect general body state)
* *ventral spinocerebellar tract* (proprioceptive information travels up the spinal cord)
+
** '''ventral spinocerebellar tract''' (proprioceptive information travels up the spinal cord)
* *dorsal spinocerebellar tract* (conveys inconscient proprioceptive information)
+
** '''dorsal spinocerebellar tract''' (conveys inconscient proprioceptive information)

Latest revision as of 18:51, 28 November 2018

Biological Hierarchy Reduced

Home -> BiologicalLifeResearch -> BiologicalHierarchyReduced


This page is reduction of Full Biological Hierarchy for the purpose of modeling in aHuman.

Biological Reduction Rationale

  • reduction hierarchy contains only functions copied to aHuman
  • visual brain functions are regarded as generic sensory approach
  • motor is replaced by effector, movement is action
  • body remained as term, but its nature is completely different for aHuman
    • task performed for the mind is the same - default reward system and mandatory part for any action
    • hence somatosensory brain elements remained predefined mandatory sensor, body feeling.
  • single hemisphere is assumed to be enough
  • blood and heart are regarded as regulatory functions, controlling resources spent by brain
  • thalamic area is primarily considered as relay, and to simplify picture, some direct ways, e.g. ACA to HCA are treated as passing via THA
  • limbic lobe was split into parts allocated to other modules, because parts of limbic system seem to me quite different while having strong connections to specific parts
    • anterior cingulate cortex has strong bidirectional connections with anterior cortex and allocated to ACA, posterior cingulate - to PCA as well
    • secondary role of thalamic area is spreading of modulatory activity (sleep-awake cycle, hormones, neurotransmitters and others), and because of that septal nuclei allocated to THA
    • hippocampus is strong aligned with memory formation functions of temporal lobe - enthorinal and perirhinal cortices and eventually allocated to HCA
    • fornix is hippocampus communication facility and that's why allocated also to HCA
    • basal ganglia is rational primitive motor system and needs to be separate module because it is one of major non-cortical functions
    • amygdala is allocated to BGA because generating movements by emotional, but not rational signals

Biological Brain Hierarchy Reduction

  • neocortex
    • frontal lobe
      • prefrontal cortex (personality, judgement, complex planning, inhibition, morality)
        • orbitofrontal cortex (involved in sensory integration, in representing the affective value of reinforcers, and in decision-making and expectation)
      • premotor cortex (patterned effector actions and planning)
      • primary motor cortex (individual actions)
        • frontal eye fields (control specific sensor)
    • parietal lobe
      • primary somatosensory cortex (anterior, basic sensations of the body)
      • superior parietal lobule (posterior, body sensations relationships, locating objects in space)
      • inferior parietal lobule (posterior, semantics, involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology)
      • intraparietal sulcus (posterior, essential in guidance of limb and eye movement)
      • general interpretation area (opinions)
    • occipital lobe
      • primary visual cortex (simple specific sensor spatial primitives)
      • visual associations (intermediate specific sensor spatial and temporal patterns)
      • fusiform gyris (object representation from specific sensor)
    • temporal lobe
      • insula (habits, visceral sensations)
      • parahippocampal gyrus (formation of spatial memory, encoding and recognition of scenes)
        • anterior parahippocampal gyrus
          • perirhinal cortex (specific sensor perception and memory, facilitates recognition and identification of environmental stimuli)
          • entorhinal cortex (hub in a widespread network for memory and navigation, autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep)
        • posterior parahippocampal gyrus (spatial declarative memory)
  • limbic system
    • cingulate cortex (life resources consumption control, cognitive and attentional processing)
      • anterior cingulate cortex (error and conflict detection processes)
      • posterior cingulate cortex (episodic memory, emotion, navigation, resting)
    • amygdala (signalling cortex of motivationally significant stimuli)
    • septal nuclei (controller of theta rhythm, major source of projections to hippocampus)
    • hippocampus (detection of novel events, places and stimuli, spatial coding)
      • dentate gyrus (formation of memories, distinguishing multiple instances of similar events or multiple visits to the same location, stress and depression)
      • subiculum (spatial relations, working memory)
      • fornix (carries signals from the hippocampus)
    • basal ganglia (primitive effectors system)
      • striatum (planning and modulation of actions)
        • caudate nucleus (part of the learning and memory system)
        • putamen (regulate actions and influence various types of learning)
        • nucleus accumbens (reward, pleasure, addiction, fear)
          • nucleus accumbens core (acquisition and maintenance of a new strategy)
          • nucleus accumbens shell (mediate learning about irrelevant stimuli)
      • pallidum (reward and incentive motivation)
        • globus pallidus externa (main regulator of the basal ganglia system)
        • substantia nigra (reward, addiction, and actions)
      • subthalamic nucleus (action selection)
  • diencephalon (relay system between sensory input neurons and other parts of the brain)
    • thalamus (relaying sensation, spatial sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness)
      • specific relay nuclei (project to/from specific functional area of neocortex)
        • lateral geniculate body (specific sensor -> specific sensor cortex area)
        • ventral posterior nucleus
          • ventral posterior lateral nucleus (body sensations -> primary somesthetic area)
        • ventral lateral/anterior nucleus (effector control feedback from cerebellum and striatum -> primary effector cortex)
      • association nuclei (project to association areas)
        • anterior nucleus (mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus)
        • medial nucleus (somatic sensory input from hypothalamus, amygdala -> prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum)
        • lateral nucleus (hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus -> cingulate gyrus)
        • posterior group nuclei (pain from spinothalamic tract and 5th cranial nerve -> insula)
        • pulvinar nuclei (reciprocal connections with association areas)
      • non-specific nuclei
        • intralaminar nuclei (basal ganglia, reticular formation -> all parts of neocortex, effector control system, perceptions of various modalities)
        • reticular nuclei (from all fibers leaving and entering the thalamus -> all thalamic nuclei, cortical regulation of the thalamic activity)
    • hypothalamus (modulatory, life support and the sleep/wake cycle)
      • mammillary body (relay from the amygdala and hippocampus to thalamus)
      • median eminence (stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary)
  • brain stem (main sensory innervation)
    • medulla oblongata (autonomic, involuntary functions, relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord)
    • midbrain
      • tectum
        • superior colliculus (preliminary specific sensor processing and control of specific sensor)
      • cerebral peduncle
        • midbrain tegmentum (involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways)
        • crus cerebri (contains effector tracts)
        • substantia nigra (sensor control, effector planning, reward seeking, learning, and addiction)
    • pons (relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, equilibrium, sensor control, expressing emotions)
      • cranial nerves
        • 2 - optic nerve (transmits specific sensor information to the brain)
        • 3 - oculomotor nerve (perform most sensor control)
        • 4 - trochlear nerve (perform certain sensor control)
        • 6 - abducens nerve (perform certain sensor control)
  • cerebellum (complex actions, sequential thinking, attention, coordination, precision, and accurate timing)
    • peduncles
      • inferior cerebellar peduncle (to/from medulla/spinal cord)
      • middle cerebellar peduncle (from pons)
      • superior cerebellar peduncle (to midbrain)
      • arbor vitae (brings sensory/motor information to/from cerebellum)
    • spinocerebellum (control actions power and coordination of multiple actions, cerebellum/basal ganglia/neocortex effector actions)
    • cerebrocerebellum (participates in planning actions, sensory/prefrontal -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> motor cortex -> effectors
    • choroid plexus (inhibits neuronal maturation)
  • spinal cord
    • anterolateral system (body feeling pathway)
    • corticospinal tract (effector pathway for upper effector neuronal signals coming from the cerebral cortex/basal ganglia)
      • lateral corticospinal tract (distal effector actions)
      • anterior cortical spinal tract (affect general body state)
    • ventral spinocerebellar tract (proprioceptive information travels up the spinal cord)
    • dorsal spinocerebellar tract (conveys inconscient proprioceptive information)