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<pre style="color: green">Spinal Cord</pre>
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<pre style="color: green">Spinal Cord
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[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[SpinalCord]]
 
[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[SpinalCord]]
 
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This page is intended to discover component structure of spinal cord of biological human, sitting in between mind and peripheral organs.
 
This page is intended to discover component structure of spinal cord of biological human, sitting in between mind and peripheral organs.
  
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<wiki:toc max_depth="3" />
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__TOC__
  
 
= SPINAL CORD STRUCTURE =
 
= SPINAL CORD STRUCTURE =
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== SPINAL CORD SENSORY AND MOTOR ROOTS NEURONS ==
 
== SPINAL CORD SENSORY AND MOTOR ROOTS NEURONS ==
  
−
*Fibers by thickness*:
+
'''Fibers by thickness''':
  
−
* *A-alpha motor/sensory (Ia, Ib)*: 12-22 mcm, 70-120 m/sec, low theshold, 2ms after stimulus (motoneurons, touch, position and velocity, Meissner's corpuscles)
+
* '''A-alpha motor/sensory (Ia, Ib)''': 12-22 mcm, 70-120 m/sec, low theshold, 2ms after stimulus (motoneurons, touch, position and velocity, Meissner's corpuscles)
−
* *A-alpha-Ia motor/sensory*:  
+
** '''A-alpha-Ia motor/sensory''':  
−
  * muscle spindle primary sensory endings (skin, two-point discrimination, extrafusal muscles, Meissner's corpuscles)
+
*** muscle spindle primary sensory endings (skin, two-point discrimination, extrafusal muscles, Meissner's corpuscles)
−
  * alpha motoneurons (extrafusal muscle fibers, skeletal movements, brainstem/spinal cord)
+
*** alpha motoneurons (extrafusal muscle fibers, skeletal movements, brainstem/spinal cord)
−
  * FF-type alpha motoneurons - biggest motoneurons, type IIB extrafusal muscle fibers (generate large force, poor efficiency, affected by static beta motoneurons)
+
**** FF-type alpha motoneurons - biggest motoneurons, type IIB extrafusal muscle fibers (generate large force, poor efficiency, affected by static beta motoneurons)
−
  * FR alpha motoneurons - type IIA extrafusal muscle fibers (affected by static beta motoneurons)
+
**** FR alpha motoneurons - type IIA extrafusal muscle fibers (affected by static beta motoneurons)
−
  * S-type alpha motoneurons - type I muscle fibers (little force, metabolically efficient, affected by dynamic beta motoneurons)
+
**** S-type alpha motoneurons - type I muscle fibers (little force, metabolically efficient, affected by dynamic beta motoneurons)
−
* *A-alpha-Ib sensory*:
+
** '''A-alpha-Ib sensory''':
−
  * sensory Golgi tendon organs
+
*** sensory Golgi tendon organs
−
  * sensory Ruffini endings in skin
+
*** sensory Ruffini endings in skin
−
* *A-beta motor/sensory (II)*: 8-13 mcm, 40-70 m/sec, higher theshold, 4ms after stimulus (fine touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary endings)
+
* '''A-beta motor/sensory (II)''': 8-13 mcm, 40-70 m/sec, higher theshold, 4ms after stimulus (fine touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary endings)
−
* Merkel disks (weak position and strong velocity - irregular discharge, type I, hairy/hairless skin)
+
** Merkel disks (weak position and strong velocity - irregular discharge, type I, hairy/hairless skin)
−
* Ruffini's corpuscles (strong position and weak velocity receptors - regular discharge, type II, hairy/hairless skin)
+
** Ruffini's corpuscles (strong position and weak velocity receptors - regular discharge, type II, hairy/hairless skin)
−
* Hairy skin velocity receptors (large hair follicles, slow and rapid movement of hairs and deflection of the skin)
+
** Hairy skin velocity receptors (large hair follicles, slow and rapid movement of hairs and deflection of the skin)
−
* Pacinian corpuscles (transient receptors, connective tissue, vibration, intrafusal muscles, tonic proprioceptive endings, flower-spray type)
+
** Pacinian corpuscles (transient receptors, connective tissue, vibration, intrafusal muscles, tonic proprioceptive endings, flower-spray type)
−
* beta motoneurons (skeleto-fusimotor, intrafusal fibers and collaterals to extrafusal muscle fibers, muscle spindles, increase dynamic sensitivity of ending)
+
** beta motoneurons (skeleto-fusimotor, intrafusal fibers and collaterals to extrafusal muscle fibers, muscle spindles, increase dynamic sensitivity of ending)
−
  * beta dynamic motoneurons - type I extrafusal muscle fibers and the intrafusal bag1 fiber (slow contracting motor units)
+
*** beta dynamic motoneurons - type I extrafusal muscle fibers and the intrafusal bag1 fiber (slow contracting motor units)
−
  * beta static motoneurons - type IIA or IIB extrafusal fibers and the intrafusal bag2 fiber (fast contracting motor units)
+
*** beta static motoneurons - type IIA or IIB extrafusal fibers and the intrafusal bag2 fiber (fast contracting motor units)
−
* *A-gamma motor*: 4-8 mcm, 15-40 m/sec, 6ms after stimulus
+
* '''A-gamma motor''': 4-8 mcm, 15-40 m/sec, 6ms after stimulus
−
* intrafusal muscle fibers (skeletal muscle tone, contract muscle spindles from both ends, fusimotor gamma neurons, affect Ia/II)
+
** intrafusal muscle fibers (skeletal muscle tone, contract muscle spindles from both ends, fusimotor gamma neurons, affect Ia/II)
−
  * gamma static motoneurons - intrafusal bag2 fiber and the nuclear chain fibers
+
*** gamma static motoneurons - intrafusal bag2 fiber and the nuclear chain fibers
−
  * gamma dynamic motoneurons - intrafusal bag1 fiber
+
*** gamma dynamic motoneurons - intrafusal bag1 fiber
−
* *A-delta sensory (III)*: 1-4 mcm, 5-15 m/sec, 20ms after stimulus
+
* '''A-delta sensory (III)''': 1-4 mcm, 5-15 m/sec, 20ms after stimulus
−
* noxious receptors (first/fast, sharp, well-localized pain)
+
** noxious receptors (first/fast, sharp, well-localized pain)
−
* cold receptors (temperature, high-threshold mechano/heat, phasic)
+
** cold receptors (temperature, high-threshold mechano/heat, phasic)
−
* pressure (rapidly adapting mechanosensitive, directional selectivity, crude touch)
+
** pressure (rapidly adapting mechanosensitive, directional selectivity, crude touch)
−
* *B motor*: 1-3 mcm, 3-14 m/sec, preganglionic autonomic, myelinated, ACh (sympathetic only in T1-L3, IML)
+
* '''B motor''': 1-3 mcm, 3-14 m/sec, preganglionic autonomic, myelinated, ACh (sympathetic only in T1-L3, IML)
−
* preganglionic paravertebral sympathetic (short to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, close to vertebral, fibers ascend/descend to reach all spinal cord levels)
+
** preganglionic paravertebral sympathetic (short to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, close to vertebral, fibers ascend/descend to reach all spinal cord levels)
−
* preganglionic prevertebral sympathetic (long to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia)
+
** preganglionic prevertebral sympathetic (long to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia)
−
* preganglionic parasympathetic spinal (spinal cord long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia, splantic nerves, abdominal organs)
+
** preganglionic parasympathetic spinal (spinal cord long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia, splantic nerves, abdominal organs)
−
* preganglionic parasympathetic cranial (cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia, eye iris, lacrimal/submandibular/subingual glands, thorax, abdomen, GI tract)
+
** preganglionic parasympathetic cranial (cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia, eye iris, lacrimal/submandibular/subingual glands, thorax, abdomen, GI tract)
−
* *C motor/sensory (IV)*: 0.1-1 mcm, 0.2-2 m/sec, 60ms after stimulus (pain, touch, pressure, temperature, postganglionic autonomic)
+
* '''C motor/sensory (IV)''': 0.1-1 mcm, 0.2-2 m/sec, 60ms after stimulus (pain, touch, pressure, temperature, postganglionic autonomic)
−
* C fiber nociceptors (responsible for the second, burning pain)
+
** C fiber nociceptors (responsible for the second, burning pain)
−
* C fiber warming specific receptors (responsible for warmth)
+
** C fiber warming specific receptors (responsible for warmth)
−
* ultra-slow histamine-selective C fibers (responsible for itch)
+
** ultra-slow histamine-selective C fibers (responsible for itch)
−
* tactile C fibers (sensual touch, includes CT fibres, also known as C low-threshold mechanoreceptors (CLTM), which are unmyelinated afferents found in human hairy skin, and have a low mechanical threshold < 5 milliNewtons. They have moderate adaptation and may exhibit fatigue on repetitive stimulation and "afterdischarges" for several seconds after a stimulus)
+
** tactile C fibers (sensual touch, includes CT fibres, also known as C low-threshold mechanoreceptors (CLTM), which are unmyelinated afferents found in human hairy skin, and have a low mechanical threshold < 5 milliNewtons. They have moderate adaptation and may exhibit fatigue on repetitive stimulation and "afterdischarges" for several seconds after a stimulus)
−
* C mechano- and metabo- receptors in muscles or joints (responsible for muscle exercise, burn and cramp)
+
** C mechano- and metabo- receptors in muscles or joints (responsible for muscle exercise, burn and cramp)
−
* postganglionic sympathetic C fibers (muscles and skin, pre/post - temporal summation and spatial summation, one-to-many, wide-spread, long and unmyelinated, NE)
+
** postganglionic sympathetic C fibers (muscles and skin, pre/post - temporal summation and spatial summation, one-to-many, wide-spread, long and unmyelinated, NE)
−
* postganglionic parasympathetic C fibers (from ganglia in/on wall of organ, visceral activity and repose, short, local)
+
** postganglionic parasympathetic C fibers (from ganglia in/on wall of organ, visceral activity and repose, short, local)
  
−
*Sensory neurons*:
+
'''Sensory neurons''':
  
 
http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/43833/media/image2.jpeg
 
http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/43833/media/image2.jpeg
  
−
* *Classification by receptor*:
+
* '''Classification by receptor''':
−
* *proprioceptors*: LI,LV, also LII (fast pain/temperature senses), A-delta fibers
+
** '''proprioceptors''': LI,LV, also LII (fast pain/temperature senses), A-delta fibers
−
* *nociceptors*: LII,LI (slow pain/temperature senses, unmyelinated), C fibers
+
** '''nociceptors''': LII,LI (slow pain/temperature senses, unmyelinated), C fibers
−
* *mechanoreceptors*: LIII,LIV (touch/position/kinesthetic/vibration senses), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta fibers
+
** '''mechanoreceptors''': LIII,LIV (touch/position/kinesthetic/vibration senses), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta fibers
 
http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v4/n4/images/nrn1073-f1.jpg
 
http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v4/n4/images/nrn1073-f1.jpg
−
* *Proprioception*
+
* '''Proprioception'''
−
* receptors origin: muscle spindle (intrafusal fibers), Golgi tendon organ, A-alpha-Ib/A-beta fibers
+
** receptors origin: muscle spindle (intrafusal fibers), Golgi tendon organ, A-alpha-Ib/A-beta fibers
−
* intrafusal fiber types:
+
** intrafusal fiber types:
−
  * *nuclear chain fibers* - report static length of muscle (aligned in a single row), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma fibers
+
*** '''nuclear chain fibers''' - report static length of muscle (aligned in a single row), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma fibers
−
  * *static nuclear bag fibers* - report static length of muscle (bundle in fiber middle), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma fibers
+
*** '''static nuclear bag fibers''' - report static length of muscle (bundle in fiber middle), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma fibers
−
  * *dynamic nuclear bag fibers* - report rate of change of muscle length (bundle in fiber middle), A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma fibers
+
*** '''dynamic nuclear bag fibers''' - report rate of change of muscle length (bundle in fiber middle), A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma fibers
−
* roman number fiber classification:
+
** roman number fiber classification:
−
  * *Ia* - primary afferents, annulospiral endings, length and velocity, A-alpha-Ia fibers
+
*** '''Ia''' - primary afferents, annulospiral endings, length and velocity, A-alpha-Ia fibers
−
  * *Ib* - Golgi tendon organ, report load being applied to muscle, A-alpha-Ib fibers
+
*** '''Ib''' - Golgi tendon organ, report load being applied to muscle, A-alpha-Ib fibers
−
  * *II* - secondary afferents, flower spray endings, length only, A-beta fibers
+
*** '''II''' - secondary afferents, flower spray endings, length only, A-beta fibers
−
* *Sensory endings*
+
* '''Sensory endings'''
−
* https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072507470/234428/mc_ch14_fig01.jpg
+
** https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072507470/234428/mc_ch14_fig01.jpg
−
* *Hair follicle receptors*: touch (slowly adapting, low threshold), A-beta fibers
+
** '''Hair follicle receptors''': touch (slowly adapting, low threshold), A-beta fibers
−
* *Merkel disk receptors*: vibration 5-15 Hz (high resolution tactile discrimination, static touch/pressure, mechanoceptors in hairless skin and mucosa, pressure and texture, slowly adapting, sustained response, low threshold), A-beta fibers
+
** '''Merkel disk receptors''': vibration 5-15 Hz (high resolution tactile discrimination, static touch/pressure, mechanoceptors in hairless skin and mucosa, pressure and texture, slowly adapting, sustained response, low threshold), A-beta fibers
−
* *Meissner's corpuscles*: vibration 20-50 Hz (tactile, dynamic touch/pressure, texture, rapidly adapting, superficial papillary receptor, low threshold, especially sensitive to light touch - like fingers and lips), A-alpha-Ia fibers
+
** '''Meissner's corpuscles''': vibration 20-50 Hz (tactile, dynamic touch/pressure, texture, rapidly adapting, superficial papillary receptor, low threshold, especially sensitive to light touch - like fingers and lips), A-alpha-Ia fibers
−
* *Pacinian corpuscles*: vibration 60-400 Hz (deep receptors, subcutaneous tissue, viscera, rapidly adaptng, low threshold), A-beta fibers
+
** '''Pacinian corpuscles''': vibration 60-400 Hz (deep receptors, subcutaneous tissue, viscera, rapidly adaptng, low threshold), A-beta fibers
−
* *Ruffini's corpuscles*: stretching of skin (deep receptors, slowly adapting, low threshold), A-alpha-Ib/A-beta fibers
+
** '''Ruffini's corpuscles''': stretching of skin (deep receptors, slowly adapting, low threshold), A-alpha-Ib/A-beta fibers
−
* *Free nerve endings*: pain, temperature, crude touch, A-delta/C fibers
+
** '''Free nerve endings''': pain, temperature, crude touch, A-delta/C fibers
−
* *Golgi tendon organs*: muscle tension (slowly adapting, low threshold), A-alpha-Ib fibers
+
** '''Golgi tendon organs''': muscle tension (slowly adapting, low threshold), A-alpha-Ib fibers
−
* *Muscle spindles*: skeletal muscle, stretch by muscle length (fast), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta
+
** '''Muscle spindles''': skeletal muscle, stretch by muscle length (fast), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta
  
−
*Motoneurons*:
+
'''Motoneurons''':
  
 
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/997/flashcards/1355997/gif/reflexarcs1336087730891.gif
 
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/997/flashcards/1355997/gif/reflexarcs1336087730891.gif
  
−
* *alpha-motoneuron*: extrafusal muscle fibres (voluntary movement), A-alpha-1a fibers
+
* '''alpha-motoneuron''': extrafusal muscle fibres (voluntary movement), A-alpha-1a fibers
−
* *beta-motoneuron*: intrafusal/extrafusal muscle fibres (voluntary movement), A-beta fibers
+
* '''beta-motoneuron''': intrafusal/extrafusal muscle fibres (voluntary movement), A-beta fibers
−
* *gamma-motoneuron*: intrafusal muscle fibers (muscle tonus, additional contracts to maintain sensitivity in stretched state), A-gamma fibers
+
* '''gamma-motoneuron''': intrafusal muscle fibers (muscle tonus, additional contracts to maintain sensitivity in stretched state), A-gamma fibers
−
* *preganglionic autonomic*: B fibers
+
* '''preganglionic autonomic''': B fibers
−
* *postganglionic autonomic*: C fibers
+
* '''postganglionic autonomic''': C fibers
−
* *renshaw cell*: axon collateral of alpha-motoneuron -> renshaw cell -> alpha-motoneuron (negative feedback)
+
* '''renshaw cell''': axon collateral of alpha-motoneuron -> renshaw cell -> alpha-motoneuron (negative feedback)
  
−
*Motor interneurons*:
+
'''Motor interneurons''':
  
 
http://www.ib.cnea.gov.ar/~redneu/2013/BOOKS/Principles%20of%20Neural%20Science%20-%20Kandel/gateway.ut.ovid.com/fulltextservice/ct%7B06b9ee1beed594190674f1983457a7dd32af6a0d5a4c9892~43/da6c36ff5.gif.png
 
http://www.ib.cnea.gov.ar/~redneu/2013/BOOKS/Principles%20of%20Neural%20Science%20-%20Kandel/gateway.ut.ovid.com/fulltextservice/ct%7B06b9ee1beed594190674f1983457a7dd32af6a0d5a4c9892~43/da6c36ff5.gif.png
  
−
* *interneurons of indirect supraspinal connections*: primary pathway for alpha-motoneurons
+
* '''interneurons of indirect supraspinal connections''': primary pathway for alpha-motoneurons
−
* *renshaw interneurons*: interneurons of direct monosynaptic connections with alpha-motoneurons, some fibers of CST/LVST/RST, negative feedback on the same alpha-neurons; stop firing to be ready for next supraspinal signal
+
* '''renshaw interneurons''': interneurons of direct monosynaptic connections with alpha-motoneurons, some fibers of CST/LVST/RST, negative feedback on the same alpha-neurons; stop firing to be ready for next supraspinal signal
 
* integrated rhythmic movements of upper and lower extremities like walking and running
 
* integrated rhythmic movements of upper and lower extremities like walking and running
−
* *intersegmental interneurons*: reciprocal inhibition (excite agonist muscles/ inhibit antagonist muscles), feedback inhibition (selectively inhibit LMN to proper pattern in agonist muscle group)
+
** '''intersegmental interneurons''': reciprocal inhibition (excite agonist muscles/ inhibit antagonist muscles), feedback inhibition (selectively inhibit LMN to proper pattern in agonist muscle group)
−
* *commissural interneurons*: to contralateral neurons (crossed extensor reflexes, alternate rhythms of both upper and lower extremities during running and walking)
+
** '''commissural interneurons''': to contralateral neurons (crossed extensor reflexes, alternate rhythms of both upper and lower extremities during running and walking)
  
 
== SPINAL CORD NUCLEI ==
 
== SPINAL CORD NUCLEI ==
  
−
http://ahuman.googlecode.com/svn/images/wiki/research/biomodel/spinal-cord-nuclei.jpg
+
http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/spinal-cord-nuclei.jpg
  
−
*outer:*
+
'''outer:'''
 
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LCV|Lateral Cervical Nucleus]] (LCN) (lateral horn, low-threshold fast-conducting, tactile/pressure relay); sensory, tract of Lissauer/spinocervical tract; A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta sensory data
 
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LCV|Lateral Cervical Nucleus]] (LCN) (lateral horn, low-threshold fast-conducting, tactile/pressure relay); sensory, tract of Lissauer/spinocervical tract; A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta sensory data
 
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LSN|Lateral Spinal Nucleus]] (LSN) (lateral horn, relay in unmyelinated pathways between the periphery and brain, intersegmental integrator); sensory, spinohypothalamic tract/spinosolitary tract; A-delta/C sensory data
 
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LSN|Lateral Spinal Nucleus]] (LSN) (lateral horn, relay in unmyelinated pathways between the periphery and brain, intersegmental integrator); sensory, spinohypothalamic tract/spinosolitary tract; A-delta/C sensory data
  
−
*sensory:*
+
'''sensory:'''
  
 
http://www.bioon.com/bioline/neurosci/course/body4.gif
 
http://www.bioon.com/bioline/neurosci/course/body4.gif
Line 130: Line 128:
 
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]] (NPR), Main Sensory Nucleus, Proper Sensory Nucleus - LIII,LIV (A-beta, visceral sensory, crude and pressure, 2-point discrimination, vibration); sensory: lateral spinothalamic tract/spinocervical tract/spinotectal tract/spinoolivary tract; A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta sensory data
 
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]] (NPR), Main Sensory Nucleus, Proper Sensory Nucleus - LIII,LIV (A-beta, visceral sensory, crude and pressure, 2-point discrimination, vibration); sensory: lateral spinothalamic tract/spinocervical tract/spinotectal tract/spinoolivary tract; A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta sensory data
 
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL|Clarke's Nucleus]] (CLN), Nucleus Dorsalis, Posterior Thoracic Nucleus, Clarke's Column - LV, LVI (A-alpha/A-delta, visceral sensory, secondary visceral afferents, unconscious proprioception): sensory, tract of Lissauer/anterior spinothalamic tract/spinoreticular tract/dorsal spinocerebellar tract; interneurons from SG, NPR; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib/A-delta sensory data
 
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL|Clarke's Nucleus]] (CLN), Nucleus Dorsalis, Posterior Thoracic Nucleus, Clarke's Column - LV, LVI (A-alpha/A-delta, visceral sensory, secondary visceral afferents, unconscious proprioception): sensory, tract of Lissauer/anterior spinothalamic tract/spinoreticular tract/dorsal spinocerebellar tract; interneurons from SG, NPR; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib/A-delta sensory data
−
* *Central Nucleus* (unconscious proprioception)
+
* '''Central Nucleus''' (unconscious proprioception)
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CCV|Central Cervical Nucleus]] (CCN) - LVII (spinocerebellar sensory, relays neck proprioception to cerebellum, locomotion); sensory, spinoolivary tract/spinovestibular tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib sensory data
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CCV|Central Cervical Nucleus]] (CCN) - LVII (spinocerebellar sensory, relays neck proprioception to cerebellum, locomotion); sensory, spinoolivary tract/spinovestibular tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib sensory data
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CBS|Centrobasalis Nucleus]] (CBN) - LVII (spinocerebellar sensory, relays forelimb proprioception to cerebellum); sensory, rostral spinocerebellar tract; A-alpha-Ia sensory data
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CBS|Centrobasalis Nucleus]] (CBN) - LVII (spinocerebellar sensory, relays forelimb proprioception to cerebellum); sensory, rostral spinocerebellar tract; A-alpha-Ia sensory data
 
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IMM|Intermediomedial Nucleus]] (IMM) - LVII (visceral sensory); sensory, ventral spinocerebellar tract; A-alpha-Ia sensory data
 
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IMM|Intermediomedial Nucleus]] (IMM) - LVII (visceral sensory); sensory, ventral spinocerebellar tract; A-alpha-Ia sensory data
  
−
*motor:*
+
'''motor:'''
−
* *Medial Motor Nuclei* (axial muscles motor neurons)
+
* '''Medial Motor Nuclei''' (axial muscles motor neurons)
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus]] (PMN), Dorsomedial Nucleus - LIX (axial trunk flexors, T1-L2); flexor motor, lateral vestibulospinal tract/medullary reticulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus]] (PMN), Dorsomedial Nucleus - LIX (axial trunk flexors, T1-L2); flexor motor, lateral vestibulospinal tract/medullary reticulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus]] (VMN), Anteromedial Nucleus - LVIII (axial trunk extensors, inhibit flexors, all segments); extensor motor, ventral corticospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus]] (VMN), Anteromedial Nucleus - LVIII (axial trunk extensors, inhibit flexors, all segments); extensor motor, ventral corticospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
−
* *Lateral Motor Nuclei* (distal muscles motor neurons)
+
* '''Lateral Motor Nuclei''' (distal muscles motor neurons)
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]] (PLN), Dorsolateral Nucleus - LIX (distal flexors, C4-C8/L2-S1, hand/leg, distal muscles of forearm, hand, leg, foot); flexor/extensor motor, lateral corticospinal tract/rubrospinal tract/lateral vestibulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]] (PLN), Dorsolateral Nucleus - LIX (distal flexors, C4-C8/L2-S1, hand/leg, distal muscles of forearm, hand, leg, foot); flexor/extensor motor, lateral corticospinal tract/rubrospinal tract/lateral vestibulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL|Ventrolateral Nucleus]] (VLN), Anterolateral Nucleus - LIX (distal extensors, C4-C8/L2-S1, shoulder/hip, distal muscles of shoulder girdle, arm, hip, thigh); extensor motor, pontine reticulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL|Ventrolateral Nucleus]] (VLN), Anterolateral Nucleus - LIX (distal extensors, C4-C8/L2-S1, shoulder/hip, distal muscles of shoulder girdle, arm, hip, thigh); extensor motor, pontine reticulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
−
* [[BrainRegionHMA_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus]] (SAN) - LIX (neck, control neck to rotate head); flexor motor, tectospinal tract/medial vestibulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionHMA_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus]] (SAN) - LIX (neck, control neck to rotate head); flexor motor, tectospinal tract/medial vestibulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR|Phrenic Nucleus]] (PHN) - LIX (diaphragm, conscious and autonomic control of breathing); visceral motor, ventral corticospinal tract; autonomic motor, solitariospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR|Phrenic Nucleus]] (PHN) - LIX (diaphragm, conscious and autonomic control of breathing); visceral motor, ventral corticospinal tract; autonomic motor, solitariospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_RPL|Retroposterolateral Nucleus]] (RPL), Retrodorsolateral Nucleus - LIX (fingers, C8-T1/S1-S3, distal large motor neurons to small arm and leg finger muscles); flexor motor, lateral corticospinal tract/rubrospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_RPL|Retroposterolateral Nucleus]] (RPL), Retrodorsolateral Nucleus - LIX (fingers, C8-T1/S1-S3, distal large motor neurons to small arm and leg finger muscles); flexor motor, lateral corticospinal tract/rubrospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
 
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF|Onuf's Nucleus]] (ONN), Gert's Nucleus, Lumbosacral Nucleus - LIX (dorsomedial: urination, dorsolateral: defecation, external sphincters; orgasmic muscular contractions); flexor motor, dorsolateral tract; interneurons from Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
 
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF|Onuf's Nucleus]] (ONN), Gert's Nucleus, Lumbosacral Nucleus - LIX (dorsomedial: urination, dorsolateral: defecation, external sphincters; orgasmic muscular contractions); flexor motor, dorsolateral tract; interneurons from Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
 
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_CC_DCN|Dorsal Commissural Nucleus]] (DCN) - LX (integrate direct/indirect excitatory and inhibitory fast inputs, modulate by slow excitatory responses); interneurons from Intermediolateral Nucleus
 
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_CC_DCN|Dorsal Commissural Nucleus]] (DCN) - LX (integrate direct/indirect excitatory and inhibitory fast inputs, modulate by slow excitatory responses); interneurons from Intermediolateral Nucleus
  
−
*autonomic:*
+
'''autonomic:'''
−
* *Intermediolateral Cell Column*, Intermediate Zone:
+
* '''Intermediolateral Cell Column''', Intermediate Zone:
−
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus]] (IML) - LVII (autonomic, visceral structures); sympathetic, visceral motor; dorsolateral tract; interneurons from Marginal Nucleus; B motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus]] (IML) - LVII (autonomic, visceral structures); sympathetic, visceral motor; dorsolateral tract; interneurons from Marginal Nucleus; B motor data
−
* [[BrainRegionVBA_SC_IZ_CSC|Ciliospinal Center]] (CSC) - LVII (autonomic, visceral structures); sympathetic motor, tectospinal tract/hypothalamospinal tract; B motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionVBA_SC_IZ_CSC|Ciliospinal Center]] (CSC) - LVII (autonomic, visceral structures); sympathetic motor, tectospinal tract/hypothalamospinal tract; B motor data
−
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus]] (SPS) - LVII (S1-S3, psym. to large intestine; pelvic nerve); sympathetic motor, dorsolateral tract; interneurons to Onuf's Nucleus; B motor data
+
** [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus]] (SPS) - LVII (S1-S3, psym. to large intestine; pelvic nerve); sympathetic motor, dorsolateral tract; interneurons to Onuf's Nucleus; B motor data
  
 
== SPINAL CORD LAMINAE AND LEVELS ==
 
== SPINAL CORD LAMINAE AND LEVELS ==
 
(generated)
 
(generated)
  
−
<img src="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_03/a_03_cl/a_03_cl_dou/a_03_cl_dou_1d.jpg">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/d7fd94d000e86c1c218aa45a3f9a31c3.jpg" alt=(null)
  
−
|| *Level/Lamina* || *LO* || *LI* || *LII* || *LIII* || *LIV* || *LV* || *LVI* || *LVII* || *LVIII* || *LIX* || *LX* ||
+
{| class=wikitable width=80%
−
|| C1 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN || ||
+
| '''Level/Lamina''' || '''LO''' || '''LI''' || '''LII''' || '''LIII''' || '''LIV''' || '''LV''' || '''LVI''' || '''LVII''' || '''LVIII''' || '''LIX''' || '''LX'''
−
|| C2 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN || ||
+
|-
−
|| C3 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN,PHN || ||
+
| C1 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN ||
−
|| C4 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN,PHN,PLN,VLN || ||
+
|-
−
|| C5 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CBN || VMN || SAN,PHN,PLN,VLN || ||
+
| C2 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN ||
−
|| C6 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CBN || VMN || SAN,PLN,VLN || ||
+
|-
−
|| C7 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CBN || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
+
| C3 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN,PHN ||
−
|| C8 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || CBN,RPL || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
+
|-
−
|| T1 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM,RPL,CSC || VMN || PMN || ||
+
| C4 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CCN || VMN || SAN,PHN,PLN,VLN ||
−
|| T2 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM,CSC || VMN || PMN || ||
+
|-
−
|| T3 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
| C5 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CBN || VMN || SAN,PHN,PLN,VLN ||
−
|| T4 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
|-
−
|| T5 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
| C6 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CBN || VMN || SAN,PLN,VLN ||
−
|| T6 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
|-
−
|| T7 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
| C7 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || CBN || VMN || PLN,VLN ||
−
|| T8 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
|-
−
|| T9 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
| C8 || LCN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || CBN,RPL || VMN || PLN,VLN ||
−
|| T10 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
|-
−
|| T11 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
| T1 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM,RPL,CSC || VMN || PMN ||
−
|| T12 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || ||
+
|-
−
|| L1 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || DCN ||
+
| T2 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM,CSC || VMN || PMN ||
−
|| L2 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN,PLN,VLN || DCN ||
+
|-
−
|| L3 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
+
| T3 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
−
|| L4 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
+
|-
−
|| L5 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || PLN,VLN || ||
+
| T4 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
−
|| S1 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || RPL,SPS || VMN || PLN,VLN,ONN || DCN ||
+
|-
−
|| S2 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || RPL,SPS || VMN || ONN || DCN ||
+
| T5 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
−
|| S3 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || RPL,SPS || VMN || ONN || DCN ||
+
|-
−
|| S4 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || || DCN ||
+
| T6 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
−
|| S5 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || || ||
+
|-
−
|| CX || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || || ||
+
| T7 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
 +
|-
 +
| T8 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
 +
|-
 +
| T9 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
 +
|-
 +
| T10 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
 +
|-
 +
| T11 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
 +
|-
 +
| T12 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN ||
 +
|-
 +
| L1 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN || DCN
 +
|-
 +
| L2 || LSN || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || IML,IMM || VMN || PMN,PLN,VLN || DCN
 +
|-
 +
| L3 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || CLN || CLN || || VMN || PLN,VLN ||
 +
|-
 +
| L4 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || PLN,VLN ||
 +
|-
 +
| L5 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || PLN,VLN ||
 +
|-
 +
| S1 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || RPL,SPS || VMN || PLN,VLN,ONN || DCN
 +
|-
 +
| S2 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || RPL,SPS || VMN || ONN || DCN
 +
|-
 +
| S3 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || RPL,SPS || VMN || ONN || DCN
 +
|-
 +
| S4 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || || DCN
 +
|-
 +
| S5 || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || ||
 +
|-
 +
| CX || || MN || SG || NPR || NPR || || || || VMN || ||
 +
|}
  
 
== SUBCORTICAL SENSORY SYSTEMS ==
 
== SUBCORTICAL SENSORY SYSTEMS ==
Line 208: Line 239:
 
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg/800px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png
 
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg/800px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png
  
−
*ASCENDING*:
+
'''ASCENDING''':
  
−
* *dorsal column*, posterior column, medial lemniscus (well-localized discriminative fine touch and proprioception, alpha/beta mechanoreceptors, conscious):
+
* '''dorsal column''', posterior column, medial lemniscus (well-localized discriminative fine touch and proprioception, alpha/beta mechanoreceptors, conscious):
−
* *fasciculus gracilis*, tract of Goll (A-beta, tactile and pressure, thoracic-toward-contralateral and cervical slices): receptors of thoracic and lower limbs to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR Gracile Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 3b)
+
** '''fasciculus gracilis''', tract of Goll (A-beta, tactile and pressure, thoracic-toward-contralateral and cervical slices): receptors of thoracic and lower limbs to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR|Gracile Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1|Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 3b)
−
* *fasciculus cuneatus*, tract of Burdach (A-beta, fine touch, fine pressure, vibration, and proprioception, sacral-toward-contralateral and lumbar slices): receptors of C1-T6 dermatomes to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU Cuneate Nucleus]] (N2) to  
+
** '''fasciculus cuneatus''', tract of Burdach (A-beta, fine touch, fine pressure, vibration, and proprioception, sacral-toward-contralateral and lumbar slices): receptors of C1-T6 dermatomes to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU|Cuneate Nucleus]] (N2) to  
−
  * [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] (neck, trunk, and extremities) (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 3b)
+
*** [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] (neck, trunk, and extremities) (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1|Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 3b)
−
  * [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM|Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus]] (head) (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 3b)
+
*** [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM|Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus]] (head) (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1|Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 3b)
−
* *dorsolateral column*, dorsolateral fasciculus, dorsolateral funiculus:
+
* '''dorsolateral column''', dorsolateral fasciculus, dorsolateral funiculus:
−
* *tract of Lissauer*, fasciculus of Lissauer, tract/zone of Lissauer (DLF, intraspinal, discriminative pain and temperature information - location, intensity and quality)
+
** '''tract of Lissauer''', fasciculus of Lissauer, tract/zone of Lissauer (DLF, intraspinal, discriminative pain and temperature information - location, intensity and quality)
−
  * A-delta (fast, pain duration equals to stimulus duration) pain fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LCV Lateral Cervical Nucleus]] (N3) (initial sharp localization of pain) to:
+
*** A-delta (fast, pain duration equals to stimulus duration) pain fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LCV|Lateral Cervical Nucleus]] (N3) (initial sharp localization of pain) to:
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR|Gracile Nucleus]] (from medial LSN) (N3) to fasciculus gracilis
+
**** [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR|Gracile Nucleus]] (from medial LSN) (N3) to fasciculus gracilis
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU|Cuneate Nucleus]] (from lateral LSN) (N3) to fasciculus cuneatus
+
**** [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU|Cuneate Nucleus]] (from lateral LSN) (N3) to fasciculus cuneatus
−
  * C (slow, pain duration exceeds simulus duration, substance P) pain fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus]] to anterior spinothalamic tract
+
*** C (slow, pain duration exceeds simulus duration, substance P) pain fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL|Clarke's Nucleus]] to anterior spinothalamic tract
−
* *spinocervical tract*, Morin's tract: A-alpha,A-beta receptors (static position, Ruffini endings) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LCV Lateral Cervical Nucleus]] (N3) to  
+
** '''spinocervical tract''', Morin's tract: A-alpha,A-beta receptors (static position, Ruffini endings) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LCV|Lateral Cervical Nucleus]] (N3) to  
−
  * [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter]]
+
*** [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter]]
−
  * [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N4) to neocortex
+
*** [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N4) to neocortex
−
* *lateral sensory tracts*:
+
* '''lateral sensory tracts''':
−
* *anterolateral system*:
+
** '''anterolateral system''':
−
  * *spinothalamic tract* (STT, conscious):
+
*** '''spinothalamic tract''' (STT, conscious):
−
  * *trigeminothalamic tract*, neospinothalamic tract (TTT):
+
**** '''trigeminothalamic tract''', neospinothalamic tract (TTT):
−
    * head, face and intraoral structures nociceptors to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 1,2)
+
***** head, face and intraoral structures nociceptors to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM|Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1|Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 1,2)
−
    * nociceptors of cranial nerves 7,9,10 to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion]], [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_JUG Jugular Ganglion]], [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_NOD Nodose Ganglion]] (N1) to spinal trigeminal nucleus (N2) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 1,2)
+
***** nociceptors of cranial nerves 7,9,10 to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion]], [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_JUG|Jugular Ganglion]], [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion]] (N1) to spinal trigeminal nucleus (N2) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM|Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1|Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 1,2)
−
    * C-fibers of face dull, burning pain, deep, aching pain, temperature and crude touch to [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PTP_PTR|Principal Trigeminal Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus]] and [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_PF Parafascicular Nucleus of Thalamus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 3)
+
***** C-fibers of face dull, burning pain, deep, aching pain, temperature and crude touch to [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PTP_PTR|Principal Trigeminal Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM|Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus]] and [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_PF|Parafascicular Nucleus of Thalamus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1|Somatosensory Cortex]] (BA 3)
−
  * *paleospinothalamic tract* (cervical-anterior-toward-contralateral, thoracic, lumbar, sacral-lateral slices):
+
**** '''paleospinothalamic tract''' (cervical-anterior-toward-contralateral, thoracic, lumbar, sacral-lateral slices):
−
    * *anterior spinothalamic tract*, anterolateral tract (ASTT, both sides, non-discriminative touch & pressure): tract of Lissauer to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1 Somatosensory Cortex]]
+
***** '''anterior spinothalamic tract''', anterolateral tract (ASTT, both sides, non-discriminative touch & pressure): tract of Lissauer to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL|Clarke's Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1|Somatosensory Cortex]]
−
    * *lateral spinothalamic tract* (LSTT, pain & thermal sense-temperature): free nerve endings (pain and temperature, A-delta/C fibers) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to  
+
***** '''lateral spinothalamic tract''' (LSTT, pain & thermal sense-temperature): free nerve endings (pain and temperature, A-delta/C fibers) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to  
−
    * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to  
+
****** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to  
−
      * [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPI|Ventral Posteroinferior Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionPHA_NC_INS_PIC Posterior Insular Cortex]]
+
******* [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPI|Ventral Posteroinferior Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionPHA_NC_INS_PIC|Posterior Insular Cortex]]
−
      * [[BrainRegionFCA_FD_TH_MD|Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionCGA_NC_DACG Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area]]
+
******* [[BrainRegionFCA_FD_TH_MD|Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionCGA_NC_DACG|Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area]]
−
      * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]]
+
******* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]]
−
  * *spinolimbic pathways*
+
*** '''spinolimbic pathways'''
−
  * *spinohypothalamic tract*: A-delta,C fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LSN Lateral Spinal Nucleus]] (N2) to hypothalamus (endocrine, motivational responses to stimuli):
+
**** '''spinohypothalamic tract''': A-delta,C fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LSN|Lateral Spinal Nucleus]] (N2) to hypothalamus (endocrine, motivational responses to stimuli):
−
    * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_LT|Lateral Nucleus]]
+
***** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_LT|Lateral Nucleus]]
−
    * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus]]
+
***** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus]]
−
    * anterior nuclei
+
***** anterior nuclei
−
    * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus]]
+
****** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus]]
−
    * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus]]
+
****** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus]]
−
    * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SO|Supraoptic Nucleus]]
+
****** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SO|Supraoptic Nucleus]]
−
  * *spinomesencephalic tract*: A-delta/C fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG Periaqueductal Gray Matter]]
+
**** '''spinomesencephalic tract''': A-delta/C fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter]]
−
  * *spinoreticular tract*: free nerve endings (crude touch, temperature, pain, afferent for RF, conscious) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus]] (N2) to:
+
**** '''spinoreticular tract''': free nerve endings (crude touch, temperature, pain, afferent for RF, conscious) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL|Clarke's Nucleus]] (N2) to:
−
    * [[BrainRegionMBA_HM_RF_MED|Medullary Reticular Formation]]
+
***** [[BrainRegionMBA_HM_RF_MED|Medullary Reticular Formation]]
−
    * Pontine Reticular Formation ([[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR|Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus]], [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_RPO Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus]], [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_CRF Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus]]) (N3) to [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus]] (N4)
+
***** Pontine Reticular Formation ([[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR|Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus]], [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_RPO|Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus]], [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_CRF|Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus]]) (N3) to [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM|Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus]] (N4)
−
    * [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_CNF|Cuneiform Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus]] (N4)
+
***** [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_CNF|Cuneiform Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM|Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus]] (N4)
−
  * *spinosolitary tract*: C fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LSN Lateral Spinal Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_SOL Solitary Nucleus]]
+
**** '''spinosolitary tract''': C fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_LH_LSN|Lateral Spinal Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_SOL|Solitary Nucleus]]
−
  * *spinotectal tract*: free nerve endings (ST, crude touch, temperature, pain, spinovisual reflexes, head/eye movement toward stimulus source) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_SC_DEEP Deep Superior Colliculus]] (N3)
+
**** '''spinotectal tract''': free nerve endings (ST, crude touch, temperature, pain, spinovisual reflexes, head/eye movement toward stimulus source) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_SC_DEEP|Deep Superior Colliculus]] (N3)
−
  * *spinometencephalic pathways*
+
*** '''spinometencephalic pathways'''
−
  * *spinoolivary tract*, Helweg's tract (SOT, lateral, proprioceptive and cutaneous organs to cerebellum): proprioception information, cutaneous impulses from muscles and tendons to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius]], [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CCV Central Cervical Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_IO Inferior Olivary Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum]] (automatic movements of head, neck & upper limb)
+
**** '''spinoolivary tract''', Helweg's tract (SOT, lateral, proprioceptive and cutaneous organs to cerebellum): proprioception information, cutaneous impulses from muscles and tendons to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]], [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CCV|Central Cervical Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_IO|Inferior Olivary Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR|Cerebellum]] (automatic movements of head, neck & upper limb)
−
  * *spinovestibular tract*: C1-C4,neuromuscular spindles and Golgi tendon organs to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CCV Central Cervical Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB Vestibular Nucleus]]
+
**** '''spinovestibular tract''': C1-C4,neuromuscular spindles and Golgi tendon organs to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CCV|Central Cervical Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB|Vestibular Nucleus]]
−
* *spinocerebellar tracts* (proprioceptive sensation, subconscious, very lateral slice):
+
** '''spinocerebellar tracts''' (proprioceptive sensation, subconscious, very lateral slice):
−
  * *cuneocerebellar tract*: C1-C7,proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_ACU Accessory Cuneate Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum]]
+
*** '''cuneocerebellar tract''': C1-C7,proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_ACU|Accessory Cuneate Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR|Cerebellum]]
−
  * *dorsal spinocerebellar tract*, posterior spinocerebellar tract (PSCT): neuromuscular spindles and Golgi tendon organs (trunk and lower limb) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL Clarke's Nucleus]] (N2) to (unilaterally) [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum]]
+
*** '''dorsal spinocerebellar tract''', posterior spinocerebellar tract (PSCT): neuromuscular spindles and Golgi tendon organs (trunk and lower limb) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL|Clarke's Nucleus]] (N2) to (unilaterally) [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR|Cerebellum]]
−
  * *ventral spinocerebellar tract*, anterior spinocerebellar tract, Gower's tract (ASCT): C8-L3,proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration (body, legs) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IMM Intermediomedial Nucleus]] (N2) to (bilaterally in C8-L3) [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum]] (to cortex and globose, emboliform nuclei)
+
*** '''ventral spinocerebellar tract''', anterior spinocerebellar tract, Gower's tract (ASCT): C8-L3,proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration (body, legs) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IMM|Intermediomedial Nucleus]] (N2) to (bilaterally in C8-L3) [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR|Cerebellum]] (to cortex and globose, emboliform nuclei)
−
  * *rostral spinocerebellar tract* (RSCT): C8-L3,proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration (body, legs) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CBS Centrobasalis Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR Cerebellum]] (bilaterally)
+
*** '''rostral spinocerebellar tract''' (RSCT): C8-L3,proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration (body, legs) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_CBS|Centrobasalis Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR|Cerebellum]] (bilaterally)
  
−
*DESCENDING*:
+
'''DESCENDING''':
  
 
http://o.quizlet.com/OvyHXzkWIfq4piBE7gtbUw.png
 
http://o.quizlet.com/OvyHXzkWIfq4piBE7gtbUw.png
  
−
* *dorsolateral tract*, posterolateral tract
+
* '''dorsolateral tract''', posterolateral tract
−
* [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter]] (N1) to  
+
** [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter]] (N1) to  
−
  * RVM ([[BrainRegionFBA_HM_RP|Raphe Nucleus of Medulla]], [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus]]) (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus]] (N3) (inhibit pain, serotonine)
+
*** RVM ([[BrainRegionFBA_HM_RP|Raphe Nucleus of Medulla]], [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR|Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus]]) (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]] (N3) (inhibit pain, serotonine)
−
  * [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_BR|Barrington's Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus]], [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus]] (N3) to colon, rectum, bladder, penis, vagina
+
*** [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_BR|Barrington's Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus]], [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF|Onuf's Nucleus]] (N3) to colon, rectum, bladder, penis, vagina
−
* [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa]] (N2) (inhibit pain, dopamine, reward, placebo)
+
** [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] (N2) (inhibit pain, dopamine, reward, placebo)
−
* [[BrainRegionFBA_HP_LC|Locus Coeruleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus]] (N2) (inhibit pain, norepinephrine - physiological responses to stress and panic)
+
** [[BrainRegionFBA_HP_LC|Locus Coeruleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus]] (N2) (inhibit pain, norepinephrine - physiological responses to stress and panic)
−
* *lateral motor tracts*:
+
* '''lateral motor tracts''':
−
* *lateral corticospinal tract* (LCST, flexor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious, cervical-medial, thoracic, lumbar-lateral, distal muscles, decussating to contralateral and ipsilateral): cortex BA 1-4,6 (N1) to
+
** '''lateral corticospinal tract''' (LCST, flexor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious, cervical-medial, thoracic, lumbar-lateral, distal muscles, decussating to contralateral and ipsilateral): cortex BA 1-4,6 (N1) to
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_RPL|Retroposterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal limb finger muscles
+
*** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_RPL|Retroposterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal limb finger muscles
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]] interneuron to motoneuron (N2-N3) to distal limb flexors muscles
+
*** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]] interneuron to motoneuron (N2-N3) to distal limb flexors muscles
−
* *rubrospinal tract*, tract of Monakow (flexor motor, upper limbs, subconscious): [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_RD|Red Nucleus]] (magnocellular neurons) (N1) to (mediation of voluntary movement by cerebelum):
+
** '''rubrospinal tract''', tract of Monakow (flexor motor, upper limbs, subconscious): [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_RD|Red Nucleus]] (magnocellular neurons) (N1) to (mediation of voluntary movement by cerebelum):
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_RPL|Retroposterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal limb finger muscles
+
*** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_IZ_RPL|Retroposterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal limb finger muscles
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal limb flexors muscles
+
*** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal limb flexors muscles
−
* *solitariospinal tract*: (subconscious motor tract, see http://www.slideshare.net/LawrenceJames/regulation-of-respiration, from corticobulbar, corticonuclear tract)
+
** '''solitariospinal tract''': (subconscious motor tract, see http://www.slideshare.net/LawrenceJames/regulation-of-respiration, from corticobulbar, corticonuclear tract)
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_SOL|Solitary Nucleus]] (autonomic respiration, start) (N1) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_AMB Ambiguus Nucleus]], [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_RA Retroambiguus Nucleus]] (expiratory cencer, active when forced breathing) (N2) to nucleus ambiguus (inspiratory center) (N3) to
+
*** [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_SOL|Solitary Nucleus]] (autonomic respiration, start) (N1) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus]], [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_RA|Retroambiguus Nucleus]] (expiratory cencer, active when forced breathing) (N2) to nucleus ambiguus (inspiratory center) (N3) to
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR|Phrenic Nucleus]] (N4) to diaphragm, intercostal nerves to intercostal muscles
+
**** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR|Phrenic Nucleus]] (N4) to diaphragm, intercostal nerves to intercostal muscles
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus]] (pacemaker, controls rate and pattern of breathing) (N1) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_AMB Ambiguus Nucleus]] (N2) to  
+
*** [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus]] (pacemaker, controls rate and pattern of breathing) (N1) to [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus]] (N2) to  
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR|Phrenic Nucleus]] (N3) to diaphragm, intercostal nerves to intercostal muscles
+
**** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR|Phrenic Nucleus]] (N3) to diaphragm, intercostal nerves to intercostal muscles
−
* *ventral motor tracts*:
+
* '''ventral motor tracts''':
−
* *ventral corticospinal tract*, anterior/medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus (VCST, extensor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious, axial, proximal muscles, ipsilateral): cortex BA 1-4,6 (N1) to:
+
** '''ventral corticospinal tract''', anterior/medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus (VCST, extensor motor, pyramidal tract, conscious, axial, proximal muscles, ipsilateral): cortex BA 1-4,6 (N1) to:
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N2) to axial muscles
+
*** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N2) to axial muscles
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR|Phrenic Nucleus]] (N2) to diaphragm, intercostal nerves to intercostal muscles
+
*** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PHR|Phrenic Nucleus]] (N2) to diaphragm, intercostal nerves to intercostal muscles
−
* *lateral vestibulospinal tract* (LVST, flexor motor, anti-gravity muscles, lateral, inferior, trunk/legs extensors, arm flexors, subconscious): [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB|Vestibular Nucleus]] (giant cells of Deiters) (N1) to  
+
** '''lateral vestibulospinal tract''' (LVST, flexor motor, anti-gravity muscles, lateral, inferior, trunk/legs extensors, arm flexors, subconscious): [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB|Vestibular Nucleus]] (giant cells of Deiters) (N1) to  
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus]] (N2) to trunk and ipsilateral limbs
+
*** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus]] (N2) to trunk and ipsilateral limbs
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to arms, legs (modulates muscle tone to maintain equilibrium)
+
*** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to arms, legs (modulates muscle tone to maintain equilibrium)
−
* *tectospinal tract*, colliculospinal tract (TST, flexor motor, reflex postural movementa - coordinate head, neck, and eye movements by visual and auditory stimuli): [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_SC_DEEP|Deep Superior Colliculus]] (N1) to  
+
** '''tectospinal tract''', colliculospinal tract (TST, flexor motor, reflex postural movementa - coordinate head, neck, and eye movements by visual and auditory stimuli): [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_SC_DEEP|Deep Superior Colliculus]] (N1) to  
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus]] (C1-C4) (N2) to axial muscles of neck
+
*** [[BrainRegionHMA_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus]] (C1-C4) (N2) to axial muscles of neck
−
  * [[BrainRegionVBA_SC_IZ_CSC|Ciliospinal Center]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SYM_SCG Superior Cervical Ganglion]] (N3) to muscles of iris
+
*** [[BrainRegionVBA_SC_IZ_CSC|Ciliospinal Center]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SYM_SCG|Superior Cervical Ganglion]] (N3) to muscles of iris
−
* *reticulospinal tract* (RST, extensor motor, control by hypothalamus of sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic outflow, subconscious):
+
** '''reticulospinal tract''' (RST, extensor motor, control by hypothalamus of sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic outflow, subconscious):
−
  * *medullary reticulospinal tract*, lateral reticulospinal tract (LRST, flexor motor, inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement, excite flexors):  
+
*** '''medullary reticulospinal tract''', lateral reticulospinal tract (LRST, flexor motor, inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement, excite flexors):  
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR|Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal muscles (exciting anti-gravity, inhibit stretch reflexes)
+
**** [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR|Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal muscles (exciting anti-gravity, inhibit stretch reflexes)
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_CRF|Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N2) to axial muscles
+
**** [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_CRF|Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N2) to axial muscles
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_RPO|Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N2) to axial muscles
+
**** [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_RPO|Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus]] (N2) to axial muscles
−
  * *pontine reticulospinal tract*, medial reticulospinal tract (MRST, extensor motor, facilitates flexor spinal reflexes):  
+
*** '''pontine reticulospinal tract''', medial reticulospinal tract (MRST, extensor motor, facilitates flexor spinal reflexes):  
−
  * [[BrainRegionMBA_HM_RF_MED|Medullary Reticular Formation]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL Ventrolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal muscles (extensor muscles)
+
**** [[BrainRegionMBA_HM_RF_MED|Medullary Reticular Formation]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL|Ventrolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to distal muscles (extensor muscles)
−
  * *hypothalamospinal tract*, oculosympathetic pathway (HTST, sympathetic motor): [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionVBA_SC_IZ_CSC Ciliospinal Center]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SYM_SCG Superior Cervical Ganglion]] (N3) to dilator muscle of iris
+
*** '''hypothalamospinal tract''', oculosympathetic pathway (HTST, sympathetic motor): [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionVBA_SC_IZ_CSC|Ciliospinal Center]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SYM_SCG|Superior Cervical Ganglion]] (N3) to dilator muscle of iris
−
* *medial longitudinal fasciculus* (MLF):  
+
** '''medial longitudinal fasciculus''' (MLF):  
−
  * *medial vestibulospinal tract* (MVST, extensor motor, subconscious):  
+
*** '''medial vestibulospinal tract''' (MVST, extensor motor, subconscious):  
−
  * [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB|Vestibular Nucleus]] (medial) (N1) to  
+
**** [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB|Vestibular Nucleus]] (medial) (N1) to  
−
    * [[BrainRegionHMA_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus]] (N2) to neck muscles (ensures neck and trunk movements coordinated with eye movements)
+
***** [[BrainRegionHMA_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus]] (N2) to neck muscles (ensures neck and trunk movements coordinated with eye movements)
−
    * [[BrainRegionVBA_HP_ABD|Abducens Nucleus]] to [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus]] to muscles of eye
+
***** [[BrainRegionVBA_HP_ABD|Abducens Nucleus]] to [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus]] to muscles of eye
−
    * [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus]] to muscles of eye
+
***** [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus]] to muscles of eye
−
    * [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_TRH|Trochlear Nucleus]] to muscles of eye
+
***** [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_TRH|Trochlear Nucleus]] to muscles of eye
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_MM_CJ|Cajal Nucleus]] to [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN Oculomotor Nucleus]] to muscles of eye
+
**** [[BrainRegionHMA_MM_CJ|Cajal Nucleus]] to [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus]] to muscles of eye
  
−
*INTRASPINAL*:
+
'''INTRASPINAL''':
  
 
* A-alpha receptors to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to  
 
* A-alpha receptors to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to  
−
* alpha motor neurons (N2) to the same agonist muscles (myotatic/stretch reflex to support increased load)
+
** alpha motor neurons (N2) to the same agonist muscles (myotatic/stretch reflex to support increased load)
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] GABA interneurons (N2) to alpha motor neurons (N3) to antagonist muscles (reciprocal inhibition in stretch reflex)
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] GABA interneurons (N2) to alpha motor neurons (N3) to antagonist muscles (reciprocal inhibition in stretch reflex)
 
* A-delta receptors to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to  
 
* A-delta receptors to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to  
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP Nucleus Proprius]]
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]]
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]]
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_NP|Nucleus Proprius]]
−
* C receptors to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG Substantia Gelatinosa]] (interneurons) (N2) to  
+
* C receptors to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] (interneurons) (N2) to  
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]]  
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]]  
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL|Clarke's Nucleus]]
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_CL|Clarke's Nucleus]]
−
* viscerosensory information to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus]] (IML) to white rami (sympathetic tract, preganglionic fibers)
+
* viscerosensory information to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_MG|Marginal Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus]] (IML) to white rami (sympathetic tract, preganglionic fibers)
−
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus]] to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus]]
+
* [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus]] to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF|Onuf's Nucleus]]
−
* C fibers of intestine and bladder to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF Onuf's Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus]] (N4) to
+
* C fibers of intestine and bladder to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_VH_ONF|Onuf's Nucleus]] (N3) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus]] (N4) to
−
* [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_PSYM_PPG|Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion]] (bladder ganglion) (N5) to detrusor muscle of bladder (via pelvic nerve, excite bladder, relax uretra)
+
** [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_PSYM_PPG|Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion]] (bladder ganglion) (N5) to detrusor muscle of bladder (via pelvic nerve, excite bladder, relax uretra)
−
* colon, rectum
+
** colon, rectum
−
* A-delta/C sacral fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_CC_DCN Dorsal Commissural Nucleus]] (N3) to
+
* A-delta/C sacral fibers to [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_SG_DRG|Dorsal Root Ganglion]] (N1) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus]] (N2) to [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_CC_DCN|Dorsal Commissural Nucleus]] (N3) to
−
* hypogastric nerve
+
** hypogastric nerve
−
* [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_PSYM_PPG|Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion]]
+
** [[BrainRegionAVA_PN_PSYM_PPG|Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion]]
  
 
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/neurLab2/images/Small/SpCdFibersNeuronsSmll.gif
 
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/neurLab2/images/Small/SpCdFibersNeuronsSmll.gif
Line 335: Line 366:
 
== SENSORY NUCLEI CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==
 
== SENSORY NUCLEI CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==
  
−
* *Forebrain Telencephalon*
+
* '''Forebrain Telencephalon'''
−
* [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1|Somatosensory Cortex]] - sensory, fasciculus cuneatus/fasciculus gracilis/trigeminothalamic tract/anterior spinothalamic tract
+
** [[BrainRegionSMA_NC_PG_S1|Somatosensory Cortex]] - sensory, fasciculus cuneatus/fasciculus gracilis/trigeminothalamic tract/anterior spinothalamic tract
−
* [[BrainRegionPHA_NC_INS_PIC|Posterior Insular Cortex]] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
+
** [[BrainRegionPHA_NC_INS_PIC|Posterior Insular Cortex]] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
−
* [[BrainRegionCGA_NC_DACG|Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area]] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
+
** [[BrainRegionCGA_NC_DACG|Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area]] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
−
* *Forebrain Diencephalon*
+
* '''Forebrain Diencephalon'''
−
* *Hypothalamus*
+
** '''Hypothalamus'''
−
  * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_DM|Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_LT|Lateral Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_LT|Lateral Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PO|Preoptic Area]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PO|Preoptic Area]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SO|Supraoptic Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_SO|Supraoptic Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract
−
* *Thalamus*
+
** '''Thalamus'''
−
  * [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM|Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus]] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract/spinoreticular tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_CM|Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus]] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract/spinoreticular tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionFCA_FD_TH_MD|Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus]] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionFCA_FD_TH_MD|Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus]] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_PF|Parafascicular Nucleus of Thalamus]] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionBGA_FD_TH_PF|Parafascicular Nucleus of Thalamus]] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPI|Ventral Posteroinferior Nucleus]] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPI|Ventral Posteroinferior Nucleus]] - sensory, lateral spinothalamic tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] - sensory, fasciculus cuneatus/fasciculus gracilis/spinocervical tract/anterior spinothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus]] - sensory, fasciculus cuneatus/fasciculus gracilis/spinocervical tract/anterior spinothalamic tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM|Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus]] - sensory, fasciculus cuneatus/trigeminothalamic tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionSMA_FD_TH_VPM|Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus]] - sensory, fasciculus cuneatus/trigeminothalamic tract
−
* *Midbrain Mesencephalon*
+
* '''Midbrain Mesencephalon'''
−
* [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_CNF|Cuneiform Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract
+
** [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_CNF|Cuneiform Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract
−
* [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter]] - sensory, spinocervical tract/spinomesencephalic tract
+
** [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter]] - sensory, spinocervical tract/spinomesencephalic tract
−
* *Hindbrain Metencephalon*
+
* '''Hindbrain Metencephalon'''
−
* [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR|Cerebellum]] - sensory, cuneocerebellar tract/dorsal spinocerebellar tract/ventral spinocerebellar tract/rostral spinocerebellar tract/spinoolivary tract
+
** [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_CR|Cerebellum]] - sensory, cuneocerebellar tract/dorsal spinocerebellar tract/ventral spinocerebellar tract/rostral spinocerebellar tract/spinoolivary tract
−
* [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PTP_PTR|Principal Trigeminal Nucleus]] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract
+
** [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PTP_PTR|Principal Trigeminal Nucleus]] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract
−
* *Hindbrain Myelencephalon*
+
* '''Hindbrain Myelencephalon'''
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_ACU|Accessory Cuneate Nucleus]] - sensory, cuneocerebellar tract
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_ACU|Accessory Cuneate Nucleus]] - sensory, cuneocerebellar tract
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU|Cuneate Nucleus]] - sensory, tract of Lissauer/fasciculus cuneatus
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_CU|Cuneate Nucleus]] - sensory, tract of Lissauer/fasciculus cuneatus
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR|Gracile Nucleus]] - sensory, tract of Lissauer/fasciculus gracilis
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_GR|Gracile Nucleus]] - sensory, tract of Lissauer/fasciculus gracilis
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_IO|Inferior Olivary Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoolivary tract
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_HM_IO|Inferior Olivary Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoolivary tract
−
* [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus]] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract/trigeminothalamic tract
+
** [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_TGM_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus]] - sensory, trigeminothalamic tract/trigeminothalamic tract
  
 
== MOTOR NUCLEI CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==
 
== MOTOR NUCLEI CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==
  
−
* *Forebrain Telencephalon*
+
* '''Forebrain Telencephalon'''
−
* *neocortex, BA 1-4,6* - motor, lateral corticospinal tract/ventral corticospinal tract
+
** '''neocortex, BA 1-4,6''' - motor, lateral corticospinal tract/ventral corticospinal tract
−
* *Midbrain Mesencephalon*
+
* '''Midbrain Mesencephalon'''
−
* [[BrainRegionHMA_MM_CJ|Cajal Nucleus]] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
+
** [[BrainRegionHMA_MM_CJ|Cajal Nucleus]] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
−
* [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus]] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
+
** [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus]] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
−
* [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_RD|Red Nucleus]] - motor, rubrospinal tract
+
** [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_RD|Red Nucleus]] - motor, rubrospinal tract
−
* [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_TRH|Trochlear Nucleus]] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
+
** [[BrainRegionVBA_MM_TRH|Trochlear Nucleus]] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
−
* [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area]] - modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus
+
** [[BrainRegionFBA_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area]] - modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus
−
* *Hindbrain Metencephalon*
+
* '''Hindbrain Metencephalon'''
−
* [[BrainRegionVBA_HP_ABD|Abducens Nucleus]] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
+
** [[BrainRegionVBA_HP_ABD|Abducens Nucleus]] - motor, medial longitudinal fasciculus
−
* [[BrainRegionFBA_HP_LC|Locus Coeruleus]] - modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus
+
** [[BrainRegionFBA_HP_LC|Locus Coeruleus]] - modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus]] - motor, solitariospinal tract
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus]] - motor, solitariospinal tract
−
* *Hindbrain Myelencephalon*
+
* '''Hindbrain Myelencephalon'''
−
* *Expiratory Center*
+
** '''Expiratory Center'''
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus]] - motor, solitariospinal tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus]] - motor, solitariospinal tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_RA|Retroambiguus Nucleus]] - motor, solitariospinal tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_RA|Retroambiguus Nucleus]] - motor, solitariospinal tract
−
* [[BrainRegionFBA_HM_RP|Raphe Nucleus of Medulla]] - modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus
+
** [[BrainRegionFBA_HM_RP|Raphe Nucleus of Medulla]] - modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus
  
 
== NUCLEI RECIPROCALLY CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==
 
== NUCLEI RECIPROCALLY CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==
  
−
* *Forebrain Diencephalon*
+
* '''Forebrain Diencephalon'''
−
* *Hypothalamus*
+
** '''Hypothalamus'''
−
  * [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract; modulatory, hypothalamospinal tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHTA_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinohypothalamic tract; modulatory, hypothalamospinal tract
−
* *Midbrain Mesencephalon*
+
* '''Midbrain Mesencephalon'''
−
* [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_SC_DEEP|Deep Superior Colliculus]] - sensory, spinotectal tract; motor, tectospinal tract
+
** [[BrainRegionMBA_MM_SC_DEEP|Deep Superior Colliculus]] - sensory, spinotectal tract; motor, tectospinal tract
−
* *Hindbrain Metencephalon*
+
* '''Hindbrain Metencephalon'''
−
* [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_BR|Barrington's Nucleus]] - sensory, dorsolateral fasciculus; motor, dorsolateral fasciculus
+
** [[BrainRegionMBA_HP_BR|Barrington's Nucleus]] - sensory, dorsolateral fasciculus; motor, dorsolateral fasciculus
−
* *Pontine Reticular Formation*
+
** '''Pontine Reticular Formation'''
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR|Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus; motor, pontine reticulospinal tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_GCR|Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus; motor, pontine reticulospinal tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_RPO|Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; motor, pontine reticulospinal tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_RPO|Oral Pontine Reticular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; motor, pontine reticulospinal tract
−
  * [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_CRF|Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; motor, pontine reticulospinal tract
+
*** [[BrainRegionHMA_HP_PRF_CRF|Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; motor, pontine reticulospinal tract
−
* [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB|Vestibular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinovestibular tract; motor/modulatory, medial longitudinal fasciculus/lateral vestibulospinal tract/medial vestibulospinal tract
+
** [[BrainRegionBMA_HP_VB|Vestibular Nucleus]] - sensory, spinovestibular tract; motor/modulatory, medial longitudinal fasciculus/lateral vestibulospinal tract/medial vestibulospinal tract
−
* *Hindbrain Myelencephalon*
+
* '''Hindbrain Myelencephalon'''
−
* [[BrainRegionMBA_HM_RF_MED|Medullary Reticular Formation]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; motor, medullary reticulospinal tract
+
** [[BrainRegionMBA_HM_RF_MED|Medullary Reticular Formation]] - sensory, spinoreticular tract; motor, medullary reticulospinal tract
−
* [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_SOL|Solitary Nucleus]] - sensory, spinosolitary tract; motor, solitariospinal tract
+
** [[BrainRegionHMA_HM_SOL|Solitary Nucleus]] - sensory, spinosolitary tract; motor, solitariospinal tract
  
 
== GANGLIA CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==
 
== GANGLIA CONNECTED TO SPINAL CORD ==
Line 437: Line 468:
 
== INTERSPINAL SENSORY TO MOTOR ==
 
== INTERSPINAL SENSORY TO MOTOR ==
  
−
* vessel/gland (GVA) -> DRG -> [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] -> [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML Intermediolateral Nucleus]] -> (GVE) vessel/gland
+
* vessel/gland (GVA) -> DRG -> [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] -> [[BrainRegionAVA_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus]] -> (GVE) vessel/gland
−
* muscle (GSA) -> DRG -> [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM Ventromedial Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL Ventrolateral Nucleus]] -> (GSE) muscle
+
* muscle (GSA) -> DRG -> [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL|Ventrolateral Nucleus]] -> (GSE) muscle
−
* muscle (GSA) -> DRG -> [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] -> [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM Posteromedial Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM Ventromedial Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL Posterolateral Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL Ventrolateral Nucleus]] -> (GSE) muscle
+
* muscle (GSA) -> DRG -> [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_PH_SG|Substantia Gelatinosa]] -> [[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PM|Posteromedial Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VM|Ventromedial Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_PL|Posterolateral Nucleus]]/[[BrainRegionBMA_SC_VH_VL|Ventrolateral Nucleus]] -> (GSE) muscle

Latest revision as of 19:10, 28 November 2018

Spinal Cord

Home -> BiologicalLifeResearch -> SpinalCord

This page is intended to discover component structure of spinal cord of biological human, sitting in between mind and peripheral organs.

SPINAL CORD STRUCTURE

BASIC INFORMATIOIN

image002.jpg

  • regions - cervical (C1-C8), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacral (S1-S5), coccygeal (CX = CX1-CX3)
  • width - 1 cm (thoracic/sacral) /2 cm (cervical-lumbar)
  • height - 45 cm (men)/43 cm (women)

SPINAL CORD SENSORY AND MOTOR ROOTS NEURONS

Fibers by thickness:

  • A-alpha motor/sensory (Ia, Ib): 12-22 mcm, 70-120 m/sec, low theshold, 2ms after stimulus (motoneurons, touch, position and velocity, Meissner's corpuscles)
    • A-alpha-Ia motor/sensory:
      • muscle spindle primary sensory endings (skin, two-point discrimination, extrafusal muscles, Meissner's corpuscles)
      • alpha motoneurons (extrafusal muscle fibers, skeletal movements, brainstem/spinal cord)
        • FF-type alpha motoneurons - biggest motoneurons, type IIB extrafusal muscle fibers (generate large force, poor efficiency, affected by static beta motoneurons)
        • FR alpha motoneurons - type IIA extrafusal muscle fibers (affected by static beta motoneurons)
        • S-type alpha motoneurons - type I muscle fibers (little force, metabolically efficient, affected by dynamic beta motoneurons)
    • A-alpha-Ib sensory:
      • sensory Golgi tendon organs
      • sensory Ruffini endings in skin
  • A-beta motor/sensory (II): 8-13 mcm, 40-70 m/sec, higher theshold, 4ms after stimulus (fine touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary endings)
    • Merkel disks (weak position and strong velocity - irregular discharge, type I, hairy/hairless skin)
    • Ruffini's corpuscles (strong position and weak velocity receptors - regular discharge, type II, hairy/hairless skin)
    • Hairy skin velocity receptors (large hair follicles, slow and rapid movement of hairs and deflection of the skin)
    • Pacinian corpuscles (transient receptors, connective tissue, vibration, intrafusal muscles, tonic proprioceptive endings, flower-spray type)
    • beta motoneurons (skeleto-fusimotor, intrafusal fibers and collaterals to extrafusal muscle fibers, muscle spindles, increase dynamic sensitivity of ending)
      • beta dynamic motoneurons - type I extrafusal muscle fibers and the intrafusal bag1 fiber (slow contracting motor units)
      • beta static motoneurons - type IIA or IIB extrafusal fibers and the intrafusal bag2 fiber (fast contracting motor units)
  • A-gamma motor: 4-8 mcm, 15-40 m/sec, 6ms after stimulus
    • intrafusal muscle fibers (skeletal muscle tone, contract muscle spindles from both ends, fusimotor gamma neurons, affect Ia/II)
      • gamma static motoneurons - intrafusal bag2 fiber and the nuclear chain fibers
      • gamma dynamic motoneurons - intrafusal bag1 fiber
  • A-delta sensory (III): 1-4 mcm, 5-15 m/sec, 20ms after stimulus
    • noxious receptors (first/fast, sharp, well-localized pain)
    • cold receptors (temperature, high-threshold mechano/heat, phasic)
    • pressure (rapidly adapting mechanosensitive, directional selectivity, crude touch)
  • B motor: 1-3 mcm, 3-14 m/sec, preganglionic autonomic, myelinated, ACh (sympathetic only in T1-L3, IML)
    • preganglionic paravertebral sympathetic (short to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, close to vertebral, fibers ascend/descend to reach all spinal cord levels)
    • preganglionic prevertebral sympathetic (long to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia)
    • preganglionic parasympathetic spinal (spinal cord long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia, splantic nerves, abdominal organs)
    • preganglionic parasympathetic cranial (cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia, eye iris, lacrimal/submandibular/subingual glands, thorax, abdomen, GI tract)
  • C motor/sensory (IV): 0.1-1 mcm, 0.2-2 m/sec, 60ms after stimulus (pain, touch, pressure, temperature, postganglionic autonomic)
    • C fiber nociceptors (responsible for the second, burning pain)
    • C fiber warming specific receptors (responsible for warmth)
    • ultra-slow histamine-selective C fibers (responsible for itch)
    • tactile C fibers (sensual touch, includes CT fibres, also known as C low-threshold mechanoreceptors (CLTM), which are unmyelinated afferents found in human hairy skin, and have a low mechanical threshold < 5 milliNewtons. They have moderate adaptation and may exhibit fatigue on repetitive stimulation and "afterdischarges" for several seconds after a stimulus)
    • C mechano- and metabo- receptors in muscles or joints (responsible for muscle exercise, burn and cramp)
    • postganglionic sympathetic C fibers (muscles and skin, pre/post - temporal summation and spatial summation, one-to-many, wide-spread, long and unmyelinated, NE)
    • postganglionic parasympathetic C fibers (from ganglia in/on wall of organ, visceral activity and repose, short, local)

Sensory neurons:

image2.jpeg

  • Classification by receptor:
    • proprioceptors: LI,LV, also LII (fast pain/temperature senses), A-delta fibers
    • nociceptors: LII,LI (slow pain/temperature senses, unmyelinated), C fibers
    • mechanoreceptors: LIII,LIV (touch/position/kinesthetic/vibration senses), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta fibers

nrn1073-f1.jpg

  • Proprioception
    • receptors origin: muscle spindle (intrafusal fibers), Golgi tendon organ, A-alpha-Ib/A-beta fibers
    • intrafusal fiber types:
      • nuclear chain fibers - report static length of muscle (aligned in a single row), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma fibers
      • static nuclear bag fibers - report static length of muscle (bundle in fiber middle), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma fibers
      • dynamic nuclear bag fibers - report rate of change of muscle length (bundle in fiber middle), A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma fibers
    • roman number fiber classification:
      • Ia - primary afferents, annulospiral endings, length and velocity, A-alpha-Ia fibers
      • Ib - Golgi tendon organ, report load being applied to muscle, A-alpha-Ib fibers
      • II - secondary afferents, flower spray endings, length only, A-beta fibers
  • Sensory endings
    • mc_ch14_fig01.jpg
    • Hair follicle receptors: touch (slowly adapting, low threshold), A-beta fibers
    • Merkel disk receptors: vibration 5-15 Hz (high resolution tactile discrimination, static touch/pressure, mechanoceptors in hairless skin and mucosa, pressure and texture, slowly adapting, sustained response, low threshold), A-beta fibers
    • Meissner's corpuscles: vibration 20-50 Hz (tactile, dynamic touch/pressure, texture, rapidly adapting, superficial papillary receptor, low threshold, especially sensitive to light touch - like fingers and lips), A-alpha-Ia fibers
    • Pacinian corpuscles: vibration 60-400 Hz (deep receptors, subcutaneous tissue, viscera, rapidly adaptng, low threshold), A-beta fibers
    • Ruffini's corpuscles: stretching of skin (deep receptors, slowly adapting, low threshold), A-alpha-Ib/A-beta fibers
    • Free nerve endings: pain, temperature, crude touch, A-delta/C fibers
    • Golgi tendon organs: muscle tension (slowly adapting, low threshold), A-alpha-Ib fibers
    • Muscle spindles: skeletal muscle, stretch by muscle length (fast), A-alpha-Ia/A-beta

Motoneurons:

reflexarcs1336087730891.gif

  • alpha-motoneuron: extrafusal muscle fibres (voluntary movement), A-alpha-1a fibers
  • beta-motoneuron: intrafusal/extrafusal muscle fibres (voluntary movement), A-beta fibers
  • gamma-motoneuron: intrafusal muscle fibers (muscle tonus, additional contracts to maintain sensitivity in stretched state), A-gamma fibers
  • preganglionic autonomic: B fibers
  • postganglionic autonomic: C fibers
  • renshaw cell: axon collateral of alpha-motoneuron -> renshaw cell -> alpha-motoneuron (negative feedback)

Motor interneurons:

da6c36ff5.gif.png

  • interneurons of indirect supraspinal connections: primary pathway for alpha-motoneurons
  • renshaw interneurons: interneurons of direct monosynaptic connections with alpha-motoneurons, some fibers of CST/LVST/RST, negative feedback on the same alpha-neurons; stop firing to be ready for next supraspinal signal
  • integrated rhythmic movements of upper and lower extremities like walking and running
    • intersegmental interneurons: reciprocal inhibition (excite agonist muscles/ inhibit antagonist muscles), feedback inhibition (selectively inhibit LMN to proper pattern in agonist muscle group)
    • commissural interneurons: to contralateral neurons (crossed extensor reflexes, alternate rhythms of both upper and lower extremities during running and walking)

SPINAL CORD NUCLEI

spinal-cord-nuclei.jpg

outer:

  • Lateral Cervical Nucleus (LCN) (lateral horn, low-threshold fast-conducting, tactile/pressure relay); sensory, tract of Lissauer/spinocervical tract; A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta sensory data
  • Lateral Spinal Nucleus (LSN) (lateral horn, relay in unmyelinated pathways between the periphery and brain, intersegmental integrator); sensory, spinohypothalamic tract/spinosolitary tract; A-delta/C sensory data

sensory:

body4.gif

  • Marginal Nucleus (MN), Apex of Posterior Horn, Nucleus Posteromarginalis - LI (A-delta/C, somatic sensory, non-modulatable pain and temperature sensations, joint nociception); sensory, tract of Lissauer/spinomesencephalic tract; modulatory, dorsolateral tract (from RVM); interneurons from SG; interneurons to NPR,IML; A-delta/C sensory data
  • Substantia Gelatinosa (SG), Rolando's Substance - LII (C, somatic sensory, short - pain, temperature, long - mechanoreceptors; long inhibits short); sensory, tract of Lissauer; modulatory, dorsolateral fasciculus (from VTA); interneurons to MN, CLN; C sensory data
  • Nucleus Proprius (NPR), Main Sensory Nucleus, Proper Sensory Nucleus - LIII,LIV (A-beta, visceral sensory, crude and pressure, 2-point discrimination, vibration); sensory: lateral spinothalamic tract/spinocervical tract/spinotectal tract/spinoolivary tract; A-alpha-Ib/A-beta/A-delta sensory data
  • Clarke's Nucleus (CLN), Nucleus Dorsalis, Posterior Thoracic Nucleus, Clarke's Column - LV, LVI (A-alpha/A-delta, visceral sensory, secondary visceral afferents, unconscious proprioception): sensory, tract of Lissauer/anterior spinothalamic tract/spinoreticular tract/dorsal spinocerebellar tract; interneurons from SG, NPR; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib/A-delta sensory data
  • Central Nucleus (unconscious proprioception)
    • Central Cervical Nucleus (CCN) - LVII (spinocerebellar sensory, relays neck proprioception to cerebellum, locomotion); sensory, spinoolivary tract/spinovestibular tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-alpha-Ib sensory data
    • Centrobasalis Nucleus (CBN) - LVII (spinocerebellar sensory, relays forelimb proprioception to cerebellum); sensory, rostral spinocerebellar tract; A-alpha-Ia sensory data
  • Intermediomedial Nucleus (IMM) - LVII (visceral sensory); sensory, ventral spinocerebellar tract; A-alpha-Ia sensory data

motor:

  • Medial Motor Nuclei (axial muscles motor neurons)
    • Posteromedial Nucleus (PMN), Dorsomedial Nucleus - LIX (axial trunk flexors, T1-L2); flexor motor, lateral vestibulospinal tract/medullary reticulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
    • Ventromedial Nucleus (VMN), Anteromedial Nucleus - LVIII (axial trunk extensors, inhibit flexors, all segments); extensor motor, ventral corticospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
  • Lateral Motor Nuclei (distal muscles motor neurons)
    • Posterolateral Nucleus (PLN), Dorsolateral Nucleus - LIX (distal flexors, C4-C8/L2-S1, hand/leg, distal muscles of forearm, hand, leg, foot); flexor/extensor motor, lateral corticospinal tract/rubrospinal tract/lateral vestibulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
    • Ventrolateral Nucleus (VLN), Anterolateral Nucleus - LIX (distal extensors, C4-C8/L2-S1, shoulder/hip, distal muscles of shoulder girdle, arm, hip, thigh); extensor motor, pontine reticulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
    • Spinal Accessory Nucleus (SAN) - LIX (neck, control neck to rotate head); flexor motor, tectospinal tract/medial vestibulospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
    • Phrenic Nucleus (PHN) - LIX (diaphragm, conscious and autonomic control of breathing); visceral motor, ventral corticospinal tract; autonomic motor, solitariospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-beta/A-gamma motor data
    • Retroposterolateral Nucleus (RPL), Retrodorsolateral Nucleus - LIX (fingers, C8-T1/S1-S3, distal large motor neurons to small arm and leg finger muscles); flexor motor, lateral corticospinal tract/rubrospinal tract; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
  • Onuf's Nucleus (ONN), Gert's Nucleus, Lumbosacral Nucleus - LIX (dorsomedial: urination, dorsolateral: defecation, external sphincters; orgasmic muscular contractions); flexor motor, dorsolateral tract; interneurons from Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus; A-alpha-Ia/A-gamma motor data
  • Dorsal Commissural Nucleus (DCN) - LX (integrate direct/indirect excitatory and inhibitory fast inputs, modulate by slow excitatory responses); interneurons from Intermediolateral Nucleus

autonomic:

  • Intermediolateral Cell Column, Intermediate Zone:
    • Intermediolateral Nucleus (IML) - LVII (autonomic, visceral structures); sympathetic, visceral motor; dorsolateral tract; interneurons from Marginal Nucleus; B motor data
    • Ciliospinal Center (CSC) - LVII (autonomic, visceral structures); sympathetic motor, tectospinal tract/hypothalamospinal tract; B motor data
    • Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus (SPS) - LVII (S1-S3, psym. to large intestine; pelvic nerve); sympathetic motor, dorsolateral tract; interneurons to Onuf's Nucleus; B motor data

SPINAL CORD LAMINAE AND LEVELS

(generated)

(null) Cuneate Nucleus -> VPL - upper body

SENSORY NUCLEI FROM SPINAL CORD TO VPL/VPM

SENSORY NUCLEI FROM SPINAL CORD TO CR

INTERSPINAL SENSORY TO MOTOR

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