Revision as of 14:31, 6 September 2015

Endocrine Glands

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This page covers biological details of component Endocrine Glands. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

• Top-down path to region: Target -> Human Effectors (aHumanEffectors) -> Endocrine Glands (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE) (see Mind Maps)
• Type: effector
• Brain area: Effector Area
• Role: unknown
• Function: Secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward a distant target organ

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Components

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Component items:

• Endocrine head (endocrine-head)
  • Endocrine - pituitary gland: release hormones by request from HT
    • Adenohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.AR -> endocrine-adenohypophysis): secrete releasing hormones into blood
      • Distal Part of Hypophysis
      • Intermediate Part of Hypophysis
      • Tuberal Part of Hypophysis
    • Neurohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.SO -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin): transport vasopressin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
      • Infundibular Stem
      • Pars Nervosa of Hypophysis
    • Nucleus of Medial Eminence (LAC.FD.HT.PV -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin): transport oxytocin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
      • Anterior Median Eminence
      • Posterior Median Eminence
    • Lateral Eminence of Hypophysis
  • Endocrine - pineal gland (endocrine-pineal-gland): control of sexual development
• Endocrine neck (endocrine-neck)
  • Endocrine - thyroid gland (LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> endocrine-thyroid-gland): release thyroid hormones into blood to rise oxygen use and heat production
  • Endocrine - parathyroid gland (LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> endocrine-parathyroid-gland): release parathyroid hormones into blood to increase in blood calcium levels
• Endocrine body (endocrine-body)
  • Endocrine - pancreas (endocrine-pancreas): release digestive enzymes that act in small intestine to increase rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells
    • Endocrine - pancreas, sympathetic (LAC.PN.SYM.CEG -> endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic): sympathetic, a2: decreases secretion from beta cells, increases secretion from alpha cells, b2: increases secretion from beta cells
    • Endocrine - pancreas, parasympathetic (LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic): parasympathetic, stimulates insulin secretion, M3: increases stimulation of alpha cells and beta cells
  • Endocrine - adrenal gland (LAC.PN.SYM.SMG -> endocrine-adrenal-gland): releasing hormones in response to stress
• Endocrine - gonads (endocrine-gonads): release estrogen, progesterone and testosterone hormones to promote maturation of reproductive organs
  • Endocrine - testicle gland (LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> endocrine-testicle-gland): produce androgens, primarily testosterone (growth of muscle mass and strength, regulator of cognitive and physical energy, sperm development
  • Endocrine - ovary gland (LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> endocrine-ovary-gland): secretes estrogen (maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs), testosterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation) and progesterone (promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium

Connectivity

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Inbound Region Connections:

Outbound Region Connections:

• no connections

Thirdparty Circuits

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• Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity - see Reference

• Habenula Connections - see Reference

• Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex - see Reference

References

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• http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html
• http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula
• http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp