Difference between revisions of "MindTracts"
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| − | <pre style="color: green">Biological Mind Tracts | + | <pre style="color: green">Biological Mind Tracts</pre> |
| − | </pre> | + | |
[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[MindTracts]] | [[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[MindTracts]] | ||
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This page is intended to describe set of physically existing tracts connecting set of regions across mind. | This page is intended to describe set of physically existing tracts connecting set of regions across mind. | ||
| − | + | __TOC__ | |
= Sensory and Motor Root Neurons = | = Sensory and Motor Root Neurons = | ||
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<img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/997/flashcards/1355997/gif/reflexarcs1336087730891.gif" alt="unavailable"> | <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/997/flashcards/1355997/gif/reflexarcs1336087730891.gif" alt="unavailable"> | ||
| − | + | ** '''Alpha motoneurons''' (MA): generate large force (extrafusal muscle fibres, voluntary movement) | |
| − | * | + | * '''FF-type alpha motoneurons''' (MA-FF): fast-twitch fatigable (run; generate large force, poor efficiency; biggest motoneurons, type IIB extrafusal muscle fibers; affected by static beta motoneurons); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor} |
| − | * | + | * '''FR-type alpha motoneurons''' (MA-FR): fast-twitch fatigue-resistant (walk; type IIA extrafusal muscle fibers; affected by static beta motoneurons); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor} |
| − | * | + | * '''S-type alpha motoneurons''' (MA-S): slow-twitch fatigue-resistant (stand; type I muscle fibers; little force, metabolically efficient, affected by dynamic beta motoneurons); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor} |
| − | + | ** '''Beta motoneurons''' (MB): affect both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers (intrafusal/extrafusal muscle fibres, voluntary movement) | |
| − | * | + | * '''beta dynamic motoneurons''' (MB-D): slow contracting motor units (type I extrafusal muscle fibers and the intrafusal bag1 fiber); FIBERS={A-beta-motor} |
| − | * | + | * '''beta static motoneurons''' (MB-S): fast contracting motor units (type IIA or IIB extrafusal fibers and the intrafusal bag2 fiber); FIBERS={A-beta-motor} |
| − | + | ** '''Gamma motoneurons''' (MG): enforce alpha motoneurons (intrafusal muscle fibers, muscle tonus, additional contracts to maintain sensitivity in stretched state; originate in pontine RF) | |
| − | * | + | * '''gamma dynamic motoneurons''' (MG-D): contract muscle spindles from both ends (intrafusal bag1 fiber ); FIBERS={A-gamma-motor} |
| − | * | + | * '''gamma static motoneurons''' (MG-S): contract muscle spindles from both ends (intrafusal bag2 fiber and the nuclear chain fibers); FIBERS={A-gamma-motor} |
| − | + | ** '''postganglionic autonomic motoneurons''' (MPG): postganglionic autonomic | |
| − | * | + | * '''postganglionic parasympathetic motoneurons''' (MPG-P): visceral activity and repose, short, local (from ganglia in/on wall of organ); FIBERS={C-motor} |
| − | * | + | * '''postganglionic sympathetic motoneurons''' (MPG-S): muscles and skin, pre/post - temporal summation and spatial summation (one-to-many, wide-spread, long and unmyelinated, NE); FIBERS={C-motor} |
| − | + | ** '''preganglionic autonomic motoneurons''' (MPA): preganglionic paravertebral/prevertebral sympathetic, spinal/cranial parasympathetic | |
| − | * | + | * '''preganglionic parasympathetic cranial''' (MPA-PC): cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia (eye iris, lacrimal/submandibular/subingual glands, thorax, abdomen, GI tract); FIBERS={B-motor} |
| − | * | + | * '''preganglionic parasympathetic spinal''' (MPA-PS): spinal cord long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia (splantic nerves, abdominal organs); FIBERS={B-motor} |
| − | * | + | * '''preganglionic paravertebral sympathetic''' (MPA-SPAV): short to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia (close to vertebral, fibers ascend/descend to reach all spinal cord levels); FIBERS={B-motor} |
| − | * | + | * '''preganglionic prevertebral sympathetic''' (MPA-SPRV): long to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia (celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia); FIBERS={B-motor} |
*Sensory Endings*: | *Sensory Endings*: | ||
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<img src="https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072507470/234428/mc_ch14_fig01.jpg" alt="unavailable"> | <img src="https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072507470/234428/mc_ch14_fig01.jpg" alt="unavailable"> | ||
| − | + | ** '''Mechanoreceptors''' (SMECH) | |
| − | * | + | * '''Deep tissue mechanoreceptors''' (SMECH-DEEP) |
| − | + | ** '''Pacinian corpuscles''' (SPC): responds to vibration; vibration 60-400 Hz, deep (deep layers of dermis in both hairy and glabrous skin; greater signal from more massive or rapid deformation; deep receptors, subcutaneous tissue, viscera, rapidly adapting, low threshold; transient receptors, connective tissue, vibration, intrafusal muscles, tonic proprioceptive endings, flower-spray type); FIBERS={A-beta-sensory; A-delta-sensory}; TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract; fasciculus gracilis tract; spinopontoreticular tract} | |
| − | + | ** '''Ruffini corpuscles''' (SRC): responds to pressure on skin; stretching of skin, crude touch (end-bulbs of Krause - dermis of both hairy and glabrous skin and Ruffini - lips, tongue, and genitals; deep receptors, slowly adapting, low threshold; strong position and weak velocity receptors - regular discharge, type II, hairy/hairless skin); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory; A-beta-sensory}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; spinocervical tract} | |
| − | * | + | * '''Skin mechanoreceptors''' (SMECH-SKIN) |
| − | + | ** '''Hair follicle receptors''' (SHF): responds to hair displacement; touch, hairy skin velocity (slowly adapting, low threshold; peritrichial endings - nerve plexus wrapped around hair roots; large hair follicles, slow and rapid movement of hairs and deflection of the skin); FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract} | |
| − | + | ** '''Meissner corpuscles''' (SMC): responds to vibration; vibration 20-50 Hz; dynamic touch/pressure (dermis of glabrous skin; tactile, texture, rapidly adapting, superficial papillary receptor, low threshold, especially sensitive to light touch - like fingers and lips); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-sensory}; TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract; spinoolivary tract; spinovestibular tract} | |
| − | + | ** '''Merkel disk receptors''' (SMD): responds to pressure on skin; vibration 5-15 Hz, static (sustained) touch/pressure (epidermis of glabrous skin; respond to slight change in skin surface; high resolution tactile discrimination, mechanoceptors in hairless skin and mucosa, pressure and texture, slowly adapting, sustained response, low threshold; weak position and strong velocity - irregular discharge, type I, hairy/hairless skin); FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; spinoolivary tract; spinovestibular tract} | |
| − | + | ** '''Pain and temperature receptors''' (SPT) | |
| − | * | + | * '''A-delta fiber nociceptors''' (SAD): fast/first pain information; FIBERS={A-delta-sensory}; TRACTS={lateral spinothalamic tract; spinomedulloreticular tract; spinomesencephalic tract} |
| − | * | + | * '''Cold receptors''' (SCR): respond to low temperature (channel: TRPM8 (less than 28C), TRPA1 (less than 18C)); FIBERS={A-delta-sensory} |
| − | * | + | * '''Nonencapsulated free-nerve endings''' (SFN): pain and temperature (the only nociceptors); TRACTS={anterior spinothalamic tract; anterior trigeminothalamic tract; dorsal trigeminal tract; lateral spinothalamic tract; spinohypothalamic tract; spinosolitary tract; spinotectal tract; tract of Lissauer} |
| − | + | ** '''C fiber nociceptors''' (SFN-CN): responsible for the second, burning pain; FIBERS={C-sensory} | |
| − | + | ** '''C fiber warming-specific receptors''' (SFN-CW): responsible for warmth; FIBERS={C-sensory} | |
| − | + | ** '''C mechano- and metabo- receptors in muscles or joints''' (SFN-CM): responsible for muscle exercise, burn and cramp; FIBERS={C-sensory} | |
| − | + | ** '''tactile C fibers''' (SFN-CT): sensual touch (includes CT fibres, also known as C low-threshold mechanoreceptors (CLTM), which are unmyelinated afferents found in human hairy skin, and have a low mechanical threshold less than 5 milliNewtons; have moderate adaptation and may exhibit fatigue on repetitive stimulation and after discharges for several seconds after a stimulus); FIBERS={C-sensory} | |
| − | + | ** '''ultra-slow histamine-selective C fibers''' (SFN-CI): responsible for itch; FIBERS={C-sensory} | |
| − | + | ** '''Proprioceptors''' (SPROP) | |
| − | * | + | * '''Golgi tendon organs''' (SGT): muscle tension (slowly adapting, low threshold); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; rostral spinocerebellar tract; spinoolivary tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract} |
| − | * | + | * '''Muscle spindles''' (SMS): skeletal muscle, stretch by muscle length, fast (intrafusal fibers); TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; fasciculus gracilis tract; spinoolivary tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract} |
| − | + | ** '''Dynamic nuclear bag fibers''' (SMS-DN): report rate of change of muscle length (bundle in fiber middle) | |
| − | + | ** '''Nuclear chain fibers''' (SMS-NC): report static length of muscle (aligned in a single row) | |
| − | + | ** '''Static nuclear bag fibers''' (SMS-SN): report static length of muscle (bundle in fiber middle) | |
*Fibers by thickness*: | *Fibers by thickness*: | ||
| − | + | ** '''A-alpha''' (mixed, 12-22 mcm, 70-120 m/sec): low theshold, 2ms after stimulus (type Ia,Ib; motoneurons, touch, position and velocity); TRACTS={spinocervical tract} | |
| − | * | + | * '''A-alpha-Ia''' (mixed); TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract} |
| − | + | ** '''A-alpha-Ia-motor''' - alpha motoneurons (motor); ENDINGS={MA-FF,MA-FR,MA-S} | |
| − | + | ** '''A-alpha-Ia-sensory''' (sensory): skin, two-point discrimination (muscle spindle primary sensory endings; extrafusal muscles, Meissner's corpuscles; annulospiral endings, length and velocity); ENDINGS={SMC}; TRACTS={spinoolivary tract; spinovestibular tract} | |
| − | * | + | * '''A-alpha-Ib-sensory''' (sensory): report load being applied to muscle, stretching of skin; ENDINGS={SGT,SRC}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; rostral spinocerebellar tract; spinoolivary tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract} |
| − | + | ** '''A-beta''' (mixed, 8-13 mcm, 40-70 m/sec): higher theshold, 4ms after stimulus (type II; fine touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary endings); TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract; fasciculus gracilis tract; spinocervical tract} | |
| − | * | + | * '''A-beta-motor''' - beta motoneurons (motor): skeleto-fusimotor, intrafusal fibers and collaterals to extrafusal muscle fibers, muscle spindles, increase dynamic sensitivity of ending; ENDINGS={MB-D,MB-S} |
| − | * | + | * '''A-beta-sensory''' (sensory): fine touch, kinesthesia (length only; secondary afferents, flower spray endings); ENDINGS={SMD,SRC,SHF,SPC}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract} |
| − | + | ** '''A-delta-sensory''' (sensory, 1-4 mcm, 5-15 m/sec): noxious, cold, pressure; 20ms after stimulus (type III; thinly-myelinated; noxious receptors - first/fast, sharp, well-localized pain; cold receptors - temperature, high-threshold mechano/heat, phasic; pressure - rapidly adapting mechanosensitive, directional selectivity, crude touch); ENDINGS={SAD,SCR,SPC}; TRACTS={anterior trigeminothalamic tract; lateral spinothalamic tract; spinomedulloreticular tract; spinomesencephalic tract; spinopontoreticular tract; tract of Lissauer} | |
| − | + | ** '''A-gamma-motor''' (motor, 4-8 mcm, 15-40 m/sec): intrafusal muscle fibers, 6ms after stimulus (skeletal muscle tone, contract muscle spindles from both ends, fusimotor gamma neurons, affect Ia/II); ENDINGS={MG-D,MG-S} | |
| − | + | ** '''B-motor''' (motor, 1-3 mcm, 3-14 m/sec): preganglionic autonomic (myelinated, ACh, sympathetic only in T1-L3, IML); ENDINGS={MPA-SPAV,MPA-SPRV,MPA-PS,MPA-PC} | |
| − | + | ** '''C''' (mixed, 0.1-1 mcm, 0.2-2 m/sec): pain, touch, pressure, temperature, postganglionic autonomic (60ms after stimulus) | |
| − | * | + | * '''C-motor''' (motor): postganglionic autonomic; ENDINGS={MPG-S,MPG-P} |
| − | * | + | * '''C-sensory''' (sensory): pain and temperature; ENDINGS={SFN-CN,SFN-CW,SFN-CI,SFN-CT,SFN-CM}; TRACTS={anterior spinothalamic tract; dorsal trigeminal tract; lateral spinothalamic tract; spinohypothalamic tract; spinosolitary tract; spinotectal tract} |
= Tracts Hierarchy = | = Tracts Hierarchy = | ||
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TRACT SET: [[MindTractsAT|Ascending Tracts]] | TRACT SET: [[MindTractsAT|Ascending Tracts]] | ||
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterolateral_system|TRACT ALS]]: '''anterolateral system''' - pain transfer | |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract|TRACT PSTS]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract|TRACT PSTS]]: '''paleospinothalamic system''' - body pain transfer |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_spinothalamic_tract|TRACT ASTT]]: '''anterior spinothalamic tract''' (anterolateral tract) - body slow pain localization | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_spinothalamic_tract|TRACT LSTT]]: '''lateral spinothalamic tract''' - body pain perception | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterolateral_tract|TRACT LST]]: '''tract of Lissauer''' (fasciculus of Lissauer, tract/zone of Lissauer, dorsolateral fasciculus, posterolateract tract, dorsolateral tract) - body fast pain localization | |
| − | * TRACT SLS: | + | * TRACT SLS: '''spinolimbic system''' - autonomic body pain transfer |
| − | + | ** [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8613771|TRACT SHTT]]: '''spinohypothalamic tract''' - autonomic body pain transfer to hypothalamus | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray|TRACT SMST]]: '''spinomesencephalic tract''' - descending modulation of pain | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_tract|TRACT SST]]: '''spinosolitary tract''' - autonomic body pain transfer to parabrachial nucleus | |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoreticular_tract|TRACT SRS]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoreticular_tract|TRACT SRS]]: '''spinoreticular system''' - automatic body pain reflection |
| − | + | ** TRACT SMRT: '''spinomedulloreticular tract''' - automatic body pain spinal reflection | |
| − | + | ** TRACT SPRT: '''spinopontoreticular tract''' - automatic body pain cortical reflection | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinotectal_tract|TRACT STCT]]: '''spinotectal tract''' - automatic body pain spinovisual reflection | |
| − | * [[http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/03CNV.html|TRACT TTS]]: | + | * [[http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/03CNV.html|TRACT TTS]]: '''trigeminothalamic system''' (neospinothalamic tract) - head pain transfer |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_trigeminothalamic_tract|TRACT ATTT]]: '''anterior trigeminothalamic tract''' (ventral trigeminothalamic tract) - head pain localization | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_trigeminal_tract|TRACT DTTT]]: '''dorsal trigeminal tract''' (dorsal trigeminothalamic tract, lemniscus) - head pain perception | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_lemniscus|TRACT MLS]]: '''medial lemniscus system''' - conscious body mechanical perception | |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway|TRACT PCS]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway|TRACT PCS]]: '''posterior column system''' (dorsal column, Reils band, Reils ribbon) - conscious upper body mechanical and lower body cutaneous perception |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus|TRACT FCT]]: '''fasciculus cuneatus tract''' (tract of Burdach) - conscious upper body mechanical perception | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus|TRACT FGT]]: '''fasciculus gracilis tract''' (tract of Goll) - conscious lower body cutaneous perception | |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocervical_pathway|TRACT SCVT]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocervical_pathway|TRACT SCVT]]: '''spinocervical tract''' (Morin's tract) - conscious lower body proprioception |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract|TRACT SCS]]: '''spinocerebellar system''' - automatic activity | |
| − | * TRACT DSCS: | + | * TRACT DSCS: '''direct spinocerebellar system''' - automatic activity of body |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers|TRACT CSCT]]: '''cuneocerebellar tract''' - automatic activity of upper limbs | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract|TRACT DSCT]]: '''dorsal spinocerebellar tract''' (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsigs tract) - automatic activity of lower limbs | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostral_spinocerebellar_tract|TRACT RSCT]]: '''rostral spinocerebellar tract''' - automatic activity of upper body | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract|TRACT VSCT]]: '''ventral spinocerebellar tract''' (anterior spinocerebellar tract, Gowers tract) - automatic activity of lower body | |
| − | * TRACT SMTS: | + | * TRACT SMTS: '''spinometencephalic system''' - automatic activity integration |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spino-olivary_tract|TRACT SOT]]: '''spinoolivary tract''' (Helwegs tract) - automatic activity of head, neck and upper limbs | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spino-olivary_tract|TRACT SVT]]: '''spinovestibular tract''' - automatic activity vestibular integration | |
== Descending Tracts == | == Descending Tracts == | ||
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TRACT SET: [[MindTractsDT|Descending Tracts]] | TRACT SET: [[MindTractsDT|Descending Tracts]] | ||
| − | + | ** TRACT ATS: '''autonomic tracts system''' (descending autonomic fibers) - autonomic control | |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamospinal_tract|TRACT HTST]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamospinal_tract|TRACT HTST]]: '''hypothalamospinal tract''' - oculomotor autonomic control |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system|TRACT SSS]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system|TRACT SSS]]: '''solitariospinal system''' - involuntary breathing control |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group|TRACT SSET]]: '''solitariospinal expiratory tract''' - rhythmic expiration | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group|TRACT SSIT]]: '''solitariospinal inpiratory tract''' - rhythmic inspiration | |
| − | + | ** TRACT ESS: '''extensor somatic system''' - extensor control | |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract|TRACT ACST]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract|TRACT ACST]]: '''anterior corticospinal tract''' (ventral corticospinal tract) - conscious extensor control |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus|TRACT MLFS]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus|TRACT MLFS]]: '''medial longitudinal fasciculus system''' - automatic control |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectospinal_tract|TRACT TCST]]: '''tectospinal tract''' - oculomotor automatic control | |
| − | + | ** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract|TRACT VST]]: '''vestibulospinal tract''' - body automatic control | |
| − | + | *** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract|TRACT LVST]]: '''lateral vestibulospinal tract''' - maintaining balance via legs extensors | |
| − | + | *** [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract|TRACT MVST]]: '''medial vestibulospinal tract''' - stabilize visual image on retina | |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulospinal_tract|TRACT RTSS]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulospinal_tract|TRACT RTSS]]: '''reticulospinal system''' - automatic and autonomic control |
| − | + | ** TRACT MRST: '''medullary reticulospinal tract''' (lateral reticulospinal tract) - inhibit extensors | |
| − | + | ** TRACT PRST: '''pontine reticulospinal tract''' (medial reticulospinal tract) - excite extensors | |
| − | + | ** TRACT FSS: '''flexor somatic system''' - flexor control | |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract|TRACT CBT]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract|TRACT CBT]]: '''corticobulbar tract''' - cranial flexor control |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract|TRACT LSTT]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract|TRACT LSTT]]: '''lateral corticospinal tract''' - conscious flexor control |
| − | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract|TRACT RBST]]: | + | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract|TRACT RBST]]: '''rubrospinal tract''' - automatic flexor control |
Revision as of 10:50, 16 June 2015
Biological Mind Tracts
Home -> BiologicalLifeResearch -> MindTracts
This page is intended to describe set of physically existing tracts connecting set of regions across mind.
Contents
Sensory and Motor Root Neurons
(generated)
- Motor Endings*:
- Alpha motoneurons (MA): generate large force (extrafusal muscle fibres, voluntary movement)
- FF-type alpha motoneurons (MA-FF): fast-twitch fatigable (run; generate large force, poor efficiency; biggest motoneurons, type IIB extrafusal muscle fibers; affected by static beta motoneurons); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}
- FR-type alpha motoneurons (MA-FR): fast-twitch fatigue-resistant (walk; type IIA extrafusal muscle fibers; affected by static beta motoneurons); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}
- S-type alpha motoneurons (MA-S): slow-twitch fatigue-resistant (stand; type I muscle fibers; little force, metabolically efficient, affected by dynamic beta motoneurons); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-motor}
- Beta motoneurons (MB): affect both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers (intrafusal/extrafusal muscle fibres, voluntary movement)
- beta dynamic motoneurons (MB-D): slow contracting motor units (type I extrafusal muscle fibers and the intrafusal bag1 fiber); FIBERS={A-beta-motor}
- beta static motoneurons (MB-S): fast contracting motor units (type IIA or IIB extrafusal fibers and the intrafusal bag2 fiber); FIBERS={A-beta-motor}
- Gamma motoneurons (MG): enforce alpha motoneurons (intrafusal muscle fibers, muscle tonus, additional contracts to maintain sensitivity in stretched state; originate in pontine RF)
- gamma dynamic motoneurons (MG-D): contract muscle spindles from both ends (intrafusal bag1 fiber ); FIBERS={A-gamma-motor}
- gamma static motoneurons (MG-S): contract muscle spindles from both ends (intrafusal bag2 fiber and the nuclear chain fibers); FIBERS={A-gamma-motor}
- postganglionic autonomic motoneurons (MPG): postganglionic autonomic
- postganglionic parasympathetic motoneurons (MPG-P): visceral activity and repose, short, local (from ganglia in/on wall of organ); FIBERS={C-motor}
- postganglionic sympathetic motoneurons (MPG-S): muscles and skin, pre/post - temporal summation and spatial summation (one-to-many, wide-spread, long and unmyelinated, NE); FIBERS={C-motor}
- preganglionic autonomic motoneurons (MPA): preganglionic paravertebral/prevertebral sympathetic, spinal/cranial parasympathetic
- preganglionic parasympathetic cranial (MPA-PC): cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia (eye iris, lacrimal/submandibular/subingual glands, thorax, abdomen, GI tract); FIBERS={B-motor}
- preganglionic parasympathetic spinal (MPA-PS): spinal cord long fibers to parasympathetic ganglia (splantic nerves, abdominal organs); FIBERS={B-motor}
- preganglionic paravertebral sympathetic (MPA-SPAV): short to paravertebral sympathetic ganglia (close to vertebral, fibers ascend/descend to reach all spinal cord levels); FIBERS={B-motor}
- preganglionic prevertebral sympathetic (MPA-SPRV): long to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia (celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia); FIBERS={B-motor}
- Sensory Endings*:
- Mechanoreceptors (SMECH)
- Deep tissue mechanoreceptors (SMECH-DEEP)
- Pacinian corpuscles (SPC): responds to vibration; vibration 60-400 Hz, deep (deep layers of dermis in both hairy and glabrous skin; greater signal from more massive or rapid deformation; deep receptors, subcutaneous tissue, viscera, rapidly adapting, low threshold; transient receptors, connective tissue, vibration, intrafusal muscles, tonic proprioceptive endings, flower-spray type); FIBERS={A-beta-sensory; A-delta-sensory}; TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract; fasciculus gracilis tract; spinopontoreticular tract}
- Ruffini corpuscles (SRC): responds to pressure on skin; stretching of skin, crude touch (end-bulbs of Krause - dermis of both hairy and glabrous skin and Ruffini - lips, tongue, and genitals; deep receptors, slowly adapting, low threshold; strong position and weak velocity receptors - regular discharge, type II, hairy/hairless skin); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory; A-beta-sensory}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; spinocervical tract}
- Skin mechanoreceptors (SMECH-SKIN)
- Hair follicle receptors (SHF): responds to hair displacement; touch, hairy skin velocity (slowly adapting, low threshold; peritrichial endings - nerve plexus wrapped around hair roots; large hair follicles, slow and rapid movement of hairs and deflection of the skin); FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract}
- Meissner corpuscles (SMC): responds to vibration; vibration 20-50 Hz; dynamic touch/pressure (dermis of glabrous skin; tactile, texture, rapidly adapting, superficial papillary receptor, low threshold, especially sensitive to light touch - like fingers and lips); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ia-sensory}; TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract; spinoolivary tract; spinovestibular tract}
- Merkel disk receptors (SMD): responds to pressure on skin; vibration 5-15 Hz, static (sustained) touch/pressure (epidermis of glabrous skin; respond to slight change in skin surface; high resolution tactile discrimination, mechanoceptors in hairless skin and mucosa, pressure and texture, slowly adapting, sustained response, low threshold; weak position and strong velocity - irregular discharge, type I, hairy/hairless skin); FIBERS={A-beta-sensory}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; spinoolivary tract; spinovestibular tract}
- Pain and temperature receptors (SPT)
- A-delta fiber nociceptors (SAD): fast/first pain information; FIBERS={A-delta-sensory}; TRACTS={lateral spinothalamic tract; spinomedulloreticular tract; spinomesencephalic tract}
- Cold receptors (SCR): respond to low temperature (channel: TRPM8 (less than 28C), TRPA1 (less than 18C)); FIBERS={A-delta-sensory}
- Nonencapsulated free-nerve endings (SFN): pain and temperature (the only nociceptors); TRACTS={anterior spinothalamic tract; anterior trigeminothalamic tract; dorsal trigeminal tract; lateral spinothalamic tract; spinohypothalamic tract; spinosolitary tract; spinotectal tract; tract of Lissauer}
- C fiber nociceptors (SFN-CN): responsible for the second, burning pain; FIBERS={C-sensory}
- C fiber warming-specific receptors (SFN-CW): responsible for warmth; FIBERS={C-sensory}
- C mechano- and metabo- receptors in muscles or joints (SFN-CM): responsible for muscle exercise, burn and cramp; FIBERS={C-sensory}
- tactile C fibers (SFN-CT): sensual touch (includes CT fibres, also known as C low-threshold mechanoreceptors (CLTM), which are unmyelinated afferents found in human hairy skin, and have a low mechanical threshold less than 5 milliNewtons; have moderate adaptation and may exhibit fatigue on repetitive stimulation and after discharges for several seconds after a stimulus); FIBERS={C-sensory}
- ultra-slow histamine-selective C fibers (SFN-CI): responsible for itch; FIBERS={C-sensory}
- Proprioceptors (SPROP)
- Golgi tendon organs (SGT): muscle tension (slowly adapting, low threshold); FIBERS={A-alpha-Ib-sensory}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; rostral spinocerebellar tract; spinoolivary tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract}
- Muscle spindles (SMS): skeletal muscle, stretch by muscle length, fast (intrafusal fibers); TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; fasciculus gracilis tract; spinoolivary tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract}
- Dynamic nuclear bag fibers (SMS-DN): report rate of change of muscle length (bundle in fiber middle)
- Nuclear chain fibers (SMS-NC): report static length of muscle (aligned in a single row)
- Static nuclear bag fibers (SMS-SN): report static length of muscle (bundle in fiber middle)
- Fibers by thickness*:
- A-alpha (mixed, 12-22 mcm, 70-120 m/sec): low theshold, 2ms after stimulus (type Ia,Ib; motoneurons, touch, position and velocity); TRACTS={spinocervical tract}
- A-alpha-Ia (mixed); TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract}
- A-alpha-Ia-motor - alpha motoneurons (motor); ENDINGS={MA-FF,MA-FR,MA-S}
- A-alpha-Ia-sensory (sensory): skin, two-point discrimination (muscle spindle primary sensory endings; extrafusal muscles, Meissner's corpuscles; annulospiral endings, length and velocity); ENDINGS={SMC}; TRACTS={spinoolivary tract; spinovestibular tract}
- A-alpha-Ib-sensory (sensory): report load being applied to muscle, stretching of skin; ENDINGS={SGT,SRC}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract; rostral spinocerebellar tract; spinoolivary tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract}
- A-beta (mixed, 8-13 mcm, 40-70 m/sec): higher theshold, 4ms after stimulus (type II; fine touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary endings); TRACTS={fasciculus cuneatus tract; fasciculus gracilis tract; spinocervical tract}
- A-beta-motor - beta motoneurons (motor): skeleto-fusimotor, intrafusal fibers and collaterals to extrafusal muscle fibers, muscle spindles, increase dynamic sensitivity of ending; ENDINGS={MB-D,MB-S}
- A-beta-sensory (sensory): fine touch, kinesthesia (length only; secondary afferents, flower spray endings); ENDINGS={SMD,SRC,SHF,SPC}; TRACTS={cuneocerebellar tract; dorsal spinocerebellar tract}
- A-delta-sensory (sensory, 1-4 mcm, 5-15 m/sec): noxious, cold, pressure; 20ms after stimulus (type III; thinly-myelinated; noxious receptors - first/fast, sharp, well-localized pain; cold receptors - temperature, high-threshold mechano/heat, phasic; pressure - rapidly adapting mechanosensitive, directional selectivity, crude touch); ENDINGS={SAD,SCR,SPC}; TRACTS={anterior trigeminothalamic tract; lateral spinothalamic tract; spinomedulloreticular tract; spinomesencephalic tract; spinopontoreticular tract; tract of Lissauer}
- A-gamma-motor (motor, 4-8 mcm, 15-40 m/sec): intrafusal muscle fibers, 6ms after stimulus (skeletal muscle tone, contract muscle spindles from both ends, fusimotor gamma neurons, affect Ia/II); ENDINGS={MG-D,MG-S}
- B-motor (motor, 1-3 mcm, 3-14 m/sec): preganglionic autonomic (myelinated, ACh, sympathetic only in T1-L3, IML); ENDINGS={MPA-SPAV,MPA-SPRV,MPA-PS,MPA-PC}
- C (mixed, 0.1-1 mcm, 0.2-2 m/sec): pain, touch, pressure, temperature, postganglionic autonomic (60ms after stimulus)
- C-motor (motor): postganglionic autonomic; ENDINGS={MPG-S,MPG-P}
- C-sensory (sensory): pain and temperature; ENDINGS={SFN-CN,SFN-CW,SFN-CI,SFN-CT,SFN-CM}; TRACTS={anterior spinothalamic tract; dorsal trigeminal tract; lateral spinothalamic tract; spinohypothalamic tract; spinosolitary tract; spinotectal tract}
Tracts Hierarchy
(generated)
Ascending Tracts
TRACT SET: Ascending Tracts
- [ALS]: anterolateral system - pain transfer
- [PSTS]: paleospinothalamic system - body pain transfer
- [ASTT]: anterior spinothalamic tract (anterolateral tract) - body slow pain localization
- [LSTT]: lateral spinothalamic tract - body pain perception
- [LST]: tract of Lissauer (fasciculus of Lissauer, tract/zone of Lissauer, dorsolateral fasciculus, posterolateract tract, dorsolateral tract) - body fast pain localization
- TRACT SLS: spinolimbic system - autonomic body pain transfer
- [SRS]: spinoreticular system - automatic body pain reflection
- TRACT SMRT: spinomedulloreticular tract - automatic body pain spinal reflection
- TRACT SPRT: spinopontoreticular tract - automatic body pain cortical reflection
- [STCT]: spinotectal tract - automatic body pain spinovisual reflection
- [TTS]: trigeminothalamic system (neospinothalamic tract) - head pain transfer
- [PCS]: posterior column system (dorsal column, Reils band, Reils ribbon) - conscious upper body mechanical and lower body cutaneous perception
- [SCVT]: spinocervical tract (Morin's tract) - conscious lower body proprioception
- [SCS]: spinocerebellar system - automatic activity
- TRACT DSCS: direct spinocerebellar system - automatic activity of body
- [CSCT]: cuneocerebellar tract - automatic activity of upper limbs
- [DSCT]: dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsigs tract) - automatic activity of lower limbs
- [RSCT]: rostral spinocerebellar tract - automatic activity of upper body
- [VSCT]: ventral spinocerebellar tract (anterior spinocerebellar tract, Gowers tract) - automatic activity of lower body
- TRACT SMTS: spinometencephalic system - automatic activity integration
Descending Tracts
TRACT SET: Descending Tracts
- TRACT ATS: autonomic tracts system (descending autonomic fibers) - autonomic control
- [HTST]: hypothalamospinal tract - oculomotor autonomic control
- [SSS]: solitariospinal system - involuntary breathing control
- [ACST]: anterior corticospinal tract (ventral corticospinal tract) - conscious extensor control
- [MLFS]: medial longitudinal fasciculus system - automatic control
- [RTSS]: reticulospinal system - automatic and autonomic control
- TRACT MRST: medullary reticulospinal tract (lateral reticulospinal tract) - inhibit extensors
- TRACT PRST: pontine reticulospinal tract (medial reticulospinal tract) - excite extensors
- TRACT FSS: flexor somatic system - flexor control
- [CBT]: corticobulbar tract - cranial flexor control
- [LSTT]: lateral corticospinal tract - conscious flexor control
- [RBST]: rubrospinal tract - automatic flexor control
