BrainRegionTARGET TEA ENDOCRINE

Endocrine Glands

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This page covers biological details of component Endocrine Glands. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

• *Top-down path to region*: Target -> Human Effectors (aHumanEffectors) -> Endocrine Glands (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE) (see Mind Maps)
• *Type*: effector
• *Brain area*: Effector Area
• *Role*: unknown
• *Function*: Secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward a distant target organ

(generated)

Components

(generated)

• Component items*:
• *Endocrine head* (*endocrine-head*)

* *Endocrine - pituitary gland*: release hormones by request from HT
 * Adenohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.AR -> endocrine-adenohypophysis): secrete releasing hormones into blood
  * *Distal Part of Hypophysis*
  * *Intermediate Part of Hypophysis*
  * *Tuberal Part of Hypophysis*
 * Neurohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.SO -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin): transport vasopressin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
  * *Infundibular Stem*
  * *Pars Nervosa of Hypophysis*
 * Nucleus of Medial Eminence (LAC.FD.HT.PV -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin): transport oxytocin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
  * *Anterior Median Eminence*
  * *Posterior Median Eminence*
 * *Lateral Eminence of Hypophysis*
* *Endocrine - pineal gland* (*endocrine-pineal-gland*): control of sexual development

• *Endocrine neck* (*endocrine-neck*)

* [- thyroid gland] (BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_MCG LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> HumanMusclesHead endocrine-thyroid-gland): release thyroid hormones into blood to rise oxygen use and heat production
* [- parathyroid gland] (BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_MCG LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> HumanMusclesHead endocrine-parathyroid-gland): release parathyroid hormones into blood to increase in blood calcium levels

• *Endocrine body* (*endocrine-body*)

* *Endocrine - pancreas* (*endocrine-pancreas*): release digestive enzymes that act in small intestine to increase rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells
 * [- pancreas, sympathetic] (BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_CEG LAC.PN.SYM.CEG -> HumanMusclesHead endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic): sympathetic, a2: decreases secretion from beta cells, increases secretion from alpha cells, b2: increases secretion from beta cells
 * [- pancreas, parasympathetic] (BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_GUT LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> HumanMusclesHead endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic): parasympathetic, stimulates insulin secretion, M3: increases stimulation of alpha cells and beta cells
* [- adrenal gland] (BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_SMG LAC.PN.SYM.SMG -> HumanMusclesTorso endocrine-adrenal-gland): releasing hormones in response to stress

• *Endocrine - gonads* (*endocrine-gonads*): release estrogen, progesterone and testosterone hormones to promote maturation of reproductive organs

* [- testicle gland] (BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_ARG LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> HumanMusclesTorso endocrine-testicle-gland): produce androgens, primarily testosterone (growth of muscle mass and strength, regulator of cognitive and physical energy, sperm development
* [- ovary gland] (BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_ARG LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> HumanMusclesTorso endocrine-ovary-gland): secretes estrogen (maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs), testosterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation) and progesterone (promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium

Connectivity

(generated)

• Inbound Region Connections:*

|| *Source Area* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || FAM || BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB FAM.FD.MHB || Medial Habenula || endocrine-pineal-gland || [Habenula Connections (MHb -> PB)] || || LAC || BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR LAC.FD.HT.AR || Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus || endocrine-adenohypophysis || (unknown reference) || || || LAC.FD.HT.PV || Paraventricular Nucleus || endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin || [Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (HT.PV -> PUT)] || || || LAC.FD.HT.SO || Supraoptic Nucleus || endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin || (unknown reference) || || || LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT || Parasympathetic Gut Brain || endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic || (unknown reference) || || || LAC.PN.SYM.ARG || Aorticorenal Ganglion || endocrine-ovary-gland || (unknown reference) || || || LAC.PN.SYM.CEG || Coelic Ganglion || endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic || (unknown reference) || || || LAC.PN.SYM.MCG || Middle Cervical Ganglion || endocrine-parathyroid-gland || (unknown reference) || || || LAC.PN.SYM.SMG || Superior Mesenteric Ganglion || endocrine-adrenal-gland || (unknown reference) ||

• Outbound Region Connections:*
• no connections

Thirdparty Circuits

(generated)

• [Connections] - see [Reference]

• [disruption of prefrontal cortex] - see [Reference]

References

(generated)

• http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula
• http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp