Ear

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This page covers biological details of component Ear. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

*Top-down path to region*: Target -> Human Sensors (aHumanSensors) -> Ear (TARGET.TSA.EAR) (see Mind Maps)
*Type*: sensor
*Brain area*: Sensor Area
*Role*: unknown
*Function*: Auditory and Vestibular Sensor

(generated)

Components

(generated)

Component items*:
*Ear sound sensory data* (*ear-sensory-sound-data*)

* Ear - inner hair cells (ear-inner-hair-cells -> LPC.PN.SG.SP): frequency-aligned tonotopic mapping
* Ear - outer hair cells feedback (ear-outer-hair-cells-feedback -> LPC.PN.SG.SP): verifies amplify actions done
* Ear - somatic receptors (ear-somatic -> LPC.PN.SG.GNG): from skin to geniculate ganglion to spinal trigeminal nucleus
* Ear - outer ear skin (ear-external-skin -> LPC.PN.SG.UDRG): skin over the mastoid process, back of the auricle, lobule and a portion of the scalp
* Ear - acoustic meatus skin (ear-acoustic-meatus-skin -> LPC.PN.SG.TRG): from skin lining external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane to trigeminal gangion
* Ear - visceral receptors (ear-visceral -> LPC.PN.SG.JUG): pain, temperature, and touch
* Ear - timpanic cavity (ear-timpanic-cavity -> LPC.PN.SG.PET): pain, temperature, and touch

*Ear vestibular sensory data* (*ear-sensory-vestibular-data*)

* Ear - semicircular canals, cristae (ear-semicircular-canals -> LPC.PN.SG.CVB): activate afferent receptors in response to rotational acceleration
* Ear - utricle, maculae (ear-utricle -> LPC.PN.SG.UVB): activate afferent receptors in response to horizontal linear acceleration
* Ear - saccule, maculae (ear-saccule -> LPC.PN.SG.SVB): activate afferent receptors in response to vertical linear acceleration

*Ear sound sensory control* (*ear-sensory-control*)

* [- outer hair cells] (BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC LPC.MM.SOC -> HumanMusclesHead ear-outer-hair-cells): contracts basilar membrane; mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters cochlea
* [- stapedius muscle] (BrainRegionLPC_HP_FCM LPC.HP.FCM -> HumanMusclesHead ear-stapedius): dampens vibrations of stapes
* [- tympanic membrane muscle] (BrainRegionLPC_HP_PTP_TRM LPC.HP.PTP.TRM -> HumanMusclesHead ear-tensor-tympani-muscle): dampen sounds, such as those produced from chewing

*Ear move muscles* (*ear-move*)

* [- anterior auricular muscle] (BrainRegionLPC_HP_FCM LPC.HP.FCM -> HumanMusclesHead ear-anterior-auricular-muscle): pulls ear forward
* [- posterior auricular muscle] (BrainRegionLPC_HP_FCM LPC.HP.FCM -> HumanMusclesHead ear-posterior-auricular-muscle): pulls ear backward
* [- superior auricular muscle] (BrainRegionLPC_HP_FCM LPC.HP.FCM -> HumanMusclesHead ear-superior-auricular-muscle): pulls ear upward
* [- oblique muscle of auricle] (BrainRegionLPC_HP_FCM LPC.HP.FCM -> HumanMusclesHead ear-oblique-auricular-muscle): movement of the ears
* [- temporoparietalis muscle] (BrainRegionLPC_HP_FCM LPC.HP.FCM -> HumanMusclesHead ear-temporoparietalis-muscle): assist the frontal belly in drawing the epicranial aponeurosis towards the front of the cranium

Connectivity

(generated)

TARGET.TSA.EAR.dot.png

Inbound Region Connections:*

|| *Source Area* || *Source Region* || *Source Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || LPC || BrainRegionLPC_HP_FCM LPC.HP.FCM || Facial Motor Nucleus || ear-anterior-auricular-muscle || (unknown reference) || || || LPC.HP.PTP.TRM || Trigeminal Motor Nucleus || ear-tensor-tympani-muscle || (unknown reference) || || || LPC.MM.SOC || Superior Olivary Complex || ear-outer-hair-cells || [Five Parallel Auditory Pathways (VNTB -> Cochlea)] ||

Outbound Region Connections:*

|| *Target Area* || *Target Region* || *Target Name* || *Type* || *Reference* || || LPC || BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_CVB LPC.PN.SG.CVB || Vestibular Ganglion - Semicircular Canal Neurons || ear-semicircular-canals || (unknown reference) || || || LPC.PN.SG.GNG || Geniculate Ganglion || ear-somatic || (unknown reference) || || || LPC.PN.SG.JUG || Jugular Ganglion || ear-visceral || (unknown reference) || || || LPC.PN.SG.PET || Petrosal Ganglion || ear-timpanic-cavity || (unknown reference) || || || LPC.PN.SG.SP || Spiral Ganglion || ear-inner-hair-cells || [Auditory System Model (Ear -> CochleaGanglion)] || || || LPC.PN.SG.SVB || Vestibular Ganglion - Saccule Neurons || ear-saccule || (unknown reference) || || || LPC.PN.SG.TRG || Trigeminal Ganglion || ear-acoustic-meatus-skin || (unknown reference) || || || LPC.PN.SG.UDRG || Upper Dorsal Root Ganglion || ear-external-skin || (unknown reference) || || || LPC.PN.SG.UVB || Vestibular Ganglion - Utricle Neurons || ear-utricle || (unknown reference) ||