Difference between revisions of "HumanNervesCranial"

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'''nerves''':
 
'''nerves''':
 
* '''accessory nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne198.htm ACCESSORY NERVE]; eleventh cranial nerve, XI); MODALITY={cranial motor, flexor motor, extensor motor}
 
* '''accessory nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne198.htm ACCESSORY NERVE]; eleventh cranial nerve, XI); MODALITY={cranial motor, flexor motor, extensor motor}
** <img src="http://www.edoctoronline.com/media/19/photos_584F5F8B-BB77-4B55-B7AE-E3D5F97F3938.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
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<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/51c102a7d6c29d0f24a1685616cea5fe.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
** '''accessory nerve, external'''; ORIGIN={by spinal roots from the side of the spinal cord (from the upper three or more cervical segments), from the nucleus of accessory nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={the external branch branches to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (shoulder)}; MODALITY={flexor motor, extensor motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius_muscle Hand - trapezius muscle] - Descending (superior) part elevates; ascending (inferior) part depresses; and middle part (or all parts together) retracts scapula; descending and ascending parts act together to rotate glenoid cavity superiorly; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid_muscle Neck - sternocleidomastoid muscle] - Acting alone, tilts head to its own side and rotates it so the face is turned towards the opposite side. Acting together, flexes the neck, raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration.}
 
** '''accessory nerve, external'''; ORIGIN={by spinal roots from the side of the spinal cord (from the upper three or more cervical segments), from the nucleus of accessory nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={the external branch branches to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (shoulder)}; MODALITY={flexor motor, extensor motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezius_muscle Hand - trapezius muscle] - Descending (superior) part elevates; ascending (inferior) part depresses; and middle part (or all parts together) retracts scapula; descending and ascending parts act together to rotate glenoid cavity superiorly; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid_muscle Neck - sternocleidomastoid muscle] - Acting alone, tilts head to its own side and rotates it so the face is turned towards the opposite side. Acting together, flexes the neck, raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration.}
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_NECK|Neck,TARGET.TEA.NECK]]}
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_SAN|Spinal Accessory Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.SAN]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_NECK|Neck,TARGET.TEA.NECK]]}
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*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_SPEAKER|Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER]]}
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_SPEAKER|Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER]]}
 
* '''facial nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne171.htm FACIAL NERVE]; seventh cranial nerve, VII); ORIGIN={inferior border of pons, between olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={various structures of face, head, and neck}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, general sensory, special sensory}
 
* '''facial nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne171.htm FACIAL NERVE]; seventh cranial nerve, VII); ORIGIN={inferior border of pons, between olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={various structures of face, head, and neck}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, general sensory, special sensory}
** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/184/flashcards/1904184/jpg/61352652775823.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/ed6ca36359af427101ee0a84748b3171.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 
** '''auricular nerve, posterior''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne177.htm POSTERIOR AURICULAR NERVE]; facial nerve, occipital branch, facial nerve proper); ORIGIN={facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={posterior auricular and occipitofrontal muscles and skin of external acoustic meatus}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_auricular_muscle Ear - posterior auricular muscle] - pulls ear backward; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_auricular_muscle Ear - superior auricular muscle] - pulls ear upward}
 
** '''auricular nerve, posterior''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne177.htm POSTERIOR AURICULAR NERVE]; facial nerve, occipital branch, facial nerve proper); ORIGIN={facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={posterior auricular and occipitofrontal muscles and skin of external acoustic meatus}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_auricular_muscle Ear - posterior auricular muscle] - pulls ear backward; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_auricular_muscle Ear - superior auricular muscle] - pulls ear upward}
 
*** '''auricular nerve, posterior, auricular branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne238.htm CUTANEOUS BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={supplies the auricularis posterior and the intrinsic muscles on the cranial surface of the auricula, in some mammals these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna (outer ear); CN X sensory from ear skin}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_muscle_of_auricle Ear - oblique muscle of auricle] - movement of the ears}
 
*** '''auricular nerve, posterior, auricular branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne238.htm CUTANEOUS BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={supplies the auricularis posterior and the intrinsic muscles on the cranial surface of the auricula, in some mammals these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna (outer ear); CN X sensory from ear skin}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_muscle_of_auricle Ear - oblique muscle of auricle] - movement of the ears}
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*** '''facial nerve, stylohyoid branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne244.htm STYLOHYOID BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={supplies mid portion of the stylohyoid muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylohyoid_muscle Feeder - stylohyoid muscle] - elevate the hyoid during swallowing}
 
*** '''facial nerve, stylohyoid branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne244.htm STYLOHYOID BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={supplies mid portion of the stylohyoid muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylohyoid_muscle Feeder - stylohyoid muscle] - elevate the hyoid during swallowing}
 
** '''facial nerve, muscles of facial expression'''; MODALITY={cranial motor}
 
** '''facial nerve, muscles of facial expression'''; MODALITY={cranial motor}
*** <img src="http://o.quizlet.com/i/Xc5TCBFZXr6AYTjSt04acA.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/b64223fd5a207fbc65d3c60e4d768a12.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
*** '''facial nerve, buccal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne180.htm BUCCAL BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={superficial branches to superficial face muscles; upper deep branches to zygomaticus major, minor, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi; lower deep branches to buccinator, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_anguli_oris Face - levator anguli oris muscle] - smile (elevates angle of mouth); [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oris_muscle Face - orbicularis oris muscle] - pucker the lips; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procerus_muscle Face - procerus muscle] - draws down the medial angle of the eyebrow giving expressions of frowning; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorius Face - risorius muscle] - draw back angle of mouth; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_major_muscle Face - zygomaticus major muscle, buccal] - draws angle of mouth upward and laterally; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_minor_muscle Face - zygomaticus minor muscle] - elevates upper lip; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinator_muscle Feeder - buccinator muscle] - compress the cheeks against the teeth (blowing), mastication; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle Nose - depressor septi nasi muscle] - depression of nasal septum; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle Nose - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle] - dilates the nostril; elevates the upper lip and wing of the nose; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_glands Nose - nasal glands] - anterior - moisturize the nasal mucosa; bowman - help the olfactory region with smelling; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalis_muscle Nose - nasalis muscle] - compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose, elevates corners of nostrils, dilation of nostrils}
 
*** '''facial nerve, buccal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne180.htm BUCCAL BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={superficial branches to superficial face muscles; upper deep branches to zygomaticus major, minor, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi; lower deep branches to buccinator, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_anguli_oris Face - levator anguli oris muscle] - smile (elevates angle of mouth); [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicularis_oris_muscle Face - orbicularis oris muscle] - pucker the lips; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procerus_muscle Face - procerus muscle] - draws down the medial angle of the eyebrow giving expressions of frowning; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorius Face - risorius muscle] - draw back angle of mouth; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_major_muscle Face - zygomaticus major muscle, buccal] - draws angle of mouth upward and laterally; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_minor_muscle Face - zygomaticus minor muscle] - elevates upper lip; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinator_muscle Feeder - buccinator muscle] - compress the cheeks against the teeth (blowing), mastication; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle Nose - depressor septi nasi muscle] - depression of nasal septum; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle Nose - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle] - dilates the nostril; elevates the upper lip and wing of the nose; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_glands Nose - nasal glands] - anterior - moisturize the nasal mucosa; bowman - help the olfactory region with smelling; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalis_muscle Nose - nasalis muscle] - compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose, elevates corners of nostrils, dilation of nostrils}
 
**** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM|Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FACE|Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE]]}
 
**** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM|Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FACE|Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE]]}
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** '''intermediate nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne234.htm NERVUS INTERMEDIUS]); ORIGIN={the smaller root of the facial nerve, lying between the main root and the vestibulocochlear nerve; it joins the main root at, or merges with, the geniculate ganglion at the geniculum of the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={lacrimal, nasal, palatine, submandibular, and sublingual glands, and anterior two-thirds of tongue}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
 
** '''intermediate nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne234.htm NERVUS INTERMEDIUS]); ORIGIN={the smaller root of the facial nerve, lying between the main root and the vestibulocochlear nerve; it joins the main root at, or merges with, the geniculate ganglion at the geniculum of the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={lacrimal, nasal, palatine, submandibular, and sublingual glands, and anterior two-thirds of tongue}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
 
*** '''chorda tympani''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne175.htm CHORDA TYMPANI]); ORIGIN={branch of the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={parasympathetic to submandibular ganglion to submandibular, sublingual and buccal glands; supplying the submandibular and sublingual glands and the anterior two thirds of the tongue (taste)}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
 
*** '''chorda tympani''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne175.htm CHORDA TYMPANI]); ORIGIN={branch of the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={parasympathetic to submandibular ganglion to submandibular, sublingual and buccal glands; supplying the submandibular and sublingual glands and the anterior two thirds of the tongue (taste)}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
**** <img src="http://users.atw.hu/blp6/BLP6/HTML/common/M9780323045827-008-f029.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/8e39c4f38ab435e7ecbc726c2c5891ac.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
**** '''chorda tympani, parasympathetic'''; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_gland Feeder - submandibular gland] - one of major salivary glands; promotes the secretion of saliva}
 
**** '''chorda tympani, parasympathetic'''; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_gland Feeder - submandibular gland] - one of major salivary glands; promotes the secretion of saliva}
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SXG|Submandibular Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SXG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]]}
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SXG|Submandibular Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SXG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]]}
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***** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SST}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_GNG|Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 
***** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SST}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_GNG|Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 
*** '''petrosal nerve, greater''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne172.htm GREATER PETROSAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={intermediate nerve via geniculate GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={running forward from the geniculate ganglion, it joins the deep petrosal nerve of the pterygoid canal, and reaches lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands and nasopharynx, via pterygopalatine ganglion and its branches}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
 
*** '''petrosal nerve, greater''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne172.htm GREATER PETROSAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={intermediate nerve via geniculate GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={running forward from the geniculate ganglion, it joins the deep petrosal nerve of the pterygoid canal, and reaches lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands and nasopharynx, via pterygopalatine ganglion and its branches}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
**** <img src="http://www.nature.com/jcbfm/journal/v20/n4/images/9590926f7.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/bfb6caded88e7d79ee15ebd2ffc3b466.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
**** '''nasopalatine nerve, parasympathetic fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne231.htm NASOPALATINE NERVE]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={carries postganglionic parasympathetic GVE fibers to nasal and palatine glands}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}
 
**** '''nasopalatine nerve, parasympathetic fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne231.htm NASOPALATINE NERVE]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={carries postganglionic parasympathetic GVE fibers to nasal and palatine glands}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_NOSE|Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE]]}
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_NOSE|Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE]]}
 
**** '''palatine nerves, parasympathetic fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne151.htm PALATINE BRANCHES OF PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION]); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
 
**** '''palatine nerves, parasympathetic fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne151.htm PALATINE BRANCHES OF PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION]); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
***** <img src="http://www.healthhype.com/wp-content/uploads/palate.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/ce215135d66402b2b28ee92a64d23086.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_PROTECTOR|Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR]]}
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_PROTECTOR|Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR]]}
 
***** '''palatine nerve, greater, parasympathetic fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne226.htm GREATER PALATINE NERVE]; palatine nerve, parasympathetic fibers, anterior); ORIGIN={greater petrosal nerve to pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={greater palatine PSN synapse on the hard palate and regulate mucous glands located there}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosa Protector - hard palate mucous gland] - lubrication and buffering as well as secretion of some antibodies; moist surface}
 
***** '''palatine nerve, greater, parasympathetic fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne226.htm GREATER PALATINE NERVE]; palatine nerve, parasympathetic fibers, anterior); ORIGIN={greater petrosal nerve to pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={greater palatine PSN synapse on the hard palate and regulate mucous glands located there}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosa Protector - hard palate mucous gland] - lubrication and buffering as well as secretion of some antibodies; moist surface}
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****** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SST}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_GNG|Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 
****** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SST}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_GNG|Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 
**** '''petrosal nerve, greater, to lacrimal gland''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne231.htm NASOPALATINE NERVE]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={Postganglonic fibers issue from the ganglion and join the maxillary nerve to enter the zygomatic nerve and then the zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve. The fibers finally reach the lacrimal nerve and are distributed to the lacrimal gland where they are secretomotor to the gland and cause lacrimation.}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_gland Eye - lacrimal gland] - secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film}
 
**** '''petrosal nerve, greater, to lacrimal gland''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne231.htm NASOPALATINE NERVE]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={Postganglonic fibers issue from the ganglion and join the maxillary nerve to enter the zygomatic nerve and then the zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve. The fibers finally reach the lacrimal nerve and are distributed to the lacrimal gland where they are secretomotor to the gland and cause lacrimation.}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimal_gland Eye - lacrimal gland] - secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film}
***** <img src="http://dc387.4shared.com/doc/fUgedyJo/preview_html_mbca1f6c.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/e5ba2bf66a9aa35026e83f03cdfb65ed.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 
**** '''pharyngeal nerve'''; ORIGIN={a nerve running from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine GANGLION, through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery}; DISTRIBUTION={to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx posterior to the auditory tube, pharyngeal gland}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-a-pharyngeal-tonsil.htm Protector - pharyngeal tonsils] - enhance the capabilities of the lymphatic system against foreign agents that enter through nose}
 
**** '''pharyngeal nerve'''; ORIGIN={a nerve running from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine GANGLION, through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery}; DISTRIBUTION={to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx posterior to the auditory tube, pharyngeal gland}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-a-pharyngeal-tonsil.htm Protector - pharyngeal tonsils] - enhance the capabilities of the lymphatic system against foreign agents that enter through nose}
***** <img src="http://www.emory.edu/ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/124a.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/043de2b37ac2e15d62e1c35cf3e41c45.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_PROTECTOR|Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR]]}
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_SSL|Superior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.SSL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_SPG|Sphenopalatine Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.SPG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_PROTECTOR|Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR]]}
 
** '''stapedius nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne176.htm NERVE TO STAPEDIUS]); ORIGIN={facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={stapedius muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapedius Ear - stapedius muscle] - control the amplitude of sound waves to the inner ear}
 
** '''stapedius nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne176.htm NERVE TO STAPEDIUS]); ORIGIN={facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={stapedius muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapedius Ear - stapedius muscle] - control the amplitude of sound waves to the inner ear}
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM|Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]]}
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM|Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]]}
 
* '''trigeminal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne128.htm TRIGEMINAL NERVE]; fifth cranial nerve, V); ORIGIN={emerges from the lateral surface of the pons as a MOTOR and a SENSORY ROOT, together with some intermediate fibers, fine touch to principal, crude touch and pain to spinal}; DISTRIBUTION={The sensory root expands into the trigeminal ganglion, which contains the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers, and from which the three divisions of the nerve arise}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory, autonomic sensory, visceral motor}
 
* '''trigeminal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne128.htm TRIGEMINAL NERVE]; fifth cranial nerve, V); ORIGIN={emerges from the lateral surface of the pons as a MOTOR and a SENSORY ROOT, together with some intermediate fibers, fine touch to principal, crude touch and pain to spinal}; DISTRIBUTION={The sensory root expands into the trigeminal ganglion, which contains the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers, and from which the three divisions of the nerve arise}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory, autonomic sensory, visceral motor}
** <img src="http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/trigeminal-nuclei.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/0067559dd1ae73cdff6ef2fb72f86d8c.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
** '''mandibular nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne156.htm MANDIBULAR NERVE]; one of three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve); ORIGIN={trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={passing through the foramen ovale to the infratemporal fossa, extensive distribution to muscles of mastication, skin of face, mucous membrane of mouth, and teeth}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory, visceral motor}
 
** '''mandibular nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne156.htm MANDIBULAR NERVE]; one of three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve); ORIGIN={trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={passing through the foramen ovale to the infratemporal fossa, extensive distribution to muscles of mastication, skin of face, mucous membrane of mouth, and teeth}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory, visceral motor}
*** <img src="http://www.cambridgequestions.co.uk/diagrams/Mandibular%20nerve.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/3763c8696f94b96d12acbe1f958466bd.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
*** '''mandibular nerve, anterior trunk''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne159.htm ANTERIOR TRUNK OF MANDIBULAR NERVE]); MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}
 
*** '''mandibular nerve, anterior trunk''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne159.htm ANTERIOR TRUNK OF MANDIBULAR NERVE]); MODALITY={general sensory, visceral motor}
**** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/13/flashcards/2213013/png/innervation_of_the_face1351918585768.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/575a5317570c3c4e205584f58f8ff14b.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 
**** '''buccal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne160.htm BUCCAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin and mucous membrane of cheeks, gums, and perhaps the first two molars and the premolars}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
**** '''buccal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne160.htm BUCCAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin and mucous membrane of cheeks, gums, and perhaps the first two molars and the premolars}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR]]}
 
***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR]]}
Line 123: Line 123:
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
**** '''inferior alveolar nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne166.htm INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE]); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={teeth and gums of lower jaw, skin of chin and lower lip, mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}
 
**** '''inferior alveolar nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne166.htm INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE]); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={teeth and gums of lower jaw, skin of chin and lower lip, mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}
***** <img src="http://www.exodontia.info/sitebuilder/images/Inferior_Alveolar_Mental_Nerves-518x720.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/cf6bc390425c917f9bcb028f692b1a0b.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 
***** '''inferior alveolar nerve, dental branches''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne168.htm INCISIVE NERVE]); ORIGIN={Within the canal or in their intraosseous course the fascicles of the IAN can either unite into single or double stranded bundles as well as ramify into an ample plexus formation. These neural structures give rise to the inferior dental branches and the inferior gingival branches}; DISTRIBUTION={providing sensation to the teeth and gums}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
***** '''inferior alveolar nerve, dental branches''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne168.htm INCISIVE NERVE]); ORIGIN={Within the canal or in their intraosseous course the fascicles of the IAN can either unite into single or double stranded bundles as well as ramify into an ample plexus formation. These neural structures give rise to the inferior dental branches and the inferior gingival branches}; DISTRIBUTION={providing sensation to the teeth and gums}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
Line 129: Line 129:
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
***** '''mental nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne169.htm MENTAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={inferior alveolar nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin of chin, and lower lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
***** '''mental nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne169.htm MENTAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={inferior alveolar nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin of chin, and lower lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}
****** <img src="https://www2.aofoundation.org/AOFileServerSurgery/MyPortalFiles?FilePath=/Surgery/en/_img/surgery/04-Approaches/95b/A320/A320-i160_540.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/b694f58c03da41920c472b00c83a4af5.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
***** '''mylohyoid nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne167.htm MYLOHYOID NERVE]); ORIGIN={inferior alveolar nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={mylohyoid muscle, anterior belly of digastric muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digastric_muscle Feeder - digastric muscle, trigeminal] - opens the jaw when the masseter and the temporalis are relaxed; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylohyoid_muscle Feeder - mylohyoid muscle] - raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible}
 
***** '''mylohyoid nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne167.htm MYLOHYOID NERVE]); ORIGIN={inferior alveolar nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={mylohyoid muscle, anterior belly of digastric muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digastric_muscle Feeder - digastric muscle, trigeminal] - opens the jaw when the masseter and the temporalis are relaxed; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylohyoid_muscle Feeder - mylohyoid muscle] - raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible}
****** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/619/flashcards/483619/png/neck2.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/89df1b481234c146fa2f477aaeeb2944.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
****** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM|Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]]}
 
****** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM|Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]]}
 
**** '''lingual nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne165.htm LINGUAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={descending to the tongue, first medial to the mandible and then under cover of the mucous membrane of the mouth; anterior two-thirds of tongue, adjacent areas of mouth, gums, isthmus of fauces}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}
 
**** '''lingual nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne165.htm LINGUAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={descending to the tongue, first medial to the mandible and then under cover of the mucous membrane of the mouth; anterior two-thirds of tongue, adjacent areas of mouth, gums, isthmus of fauces}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}
***** <img src="http://img.tfd.com/MosbyMD/hypoglossal_nerve.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=400>
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/0a6f185bed1bc21572668633370f0200.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=400>
 
***** '''lingual nerve, branch to isthmus of fauces'''; DISTRIBUTION={conveying general sensation from the oral mucosa between the oral cavity and oropharynx}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
***** '''lingual nerve, branch to isthmus of fauces'''; DISTRIBUTION={conveying general sensation from the oral mucosa between the oral cavity and oropharynx}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
****** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
Line 148: Line 148:
 
**** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
**** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
*** '''branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne142.htm GANGLIONIC BRANCHES OF MAXILLARY NERVE],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne153.htm PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION]); DISTRIBUTION={Eye, lacrimal gland; Nose, nasal gland; Mouth, mucosal glands of palate and pharynx}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
*** '''branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne142.htm GANGLIONIC BRANCHES OF MAXILLARY NERVE],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne153.htm PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION]); DISTRIBUTION={Eye, lacrimal gland; Nose, nasal gland; Mouth, mucosal glands of palate and pharynx}; MODALITY={general sensory}
**** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/33/flashcards/602033/jpg/cn_vii_-_greater_petrosal_nerve_forms_nerve_of_pterygoid_canal_(edit)1316912096227.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/9f41fec153a77a8fcee792376c305a80.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
**** '''nasopalatine nerve, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne231.htm NASOPALATINE NERVE]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={carries sensory information from the posterior inferior medial wall of the nasal cavity and anterior hard palate}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
**** '''nasopalatine nerve, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne231.htm NASOPALATINE NERVE]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={carries sensory information from the posterior inferior medial wall of the nasal cavity and anterior hard palate}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_NOSE|Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_NOSE|Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
Line 156: Line 156:
 
***** '''palatine nerves, lesser, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne227.htm LESSER PALATINE NERVES]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={emerge through the lesser palatine foramen and supply the soft palate and tonsil, uvula}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
***** '''palatine nerves, lesser, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne227.htm LESSER PALATINE NERVES]); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={emerge through the lesser palatine foramen and supply the soft palate and tonsil, uvula}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
*** '''infraorbital nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne140.htm INFRAORBITAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={continuation of the maxillary nerve, entering the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, and occupying in succession the infraorbital groove, canal, and foramen}; DISTRIBUTION={incisor, cuspid, and premolar teeth of upper jaw, skin and conjunctiva of lower eyelid, mobile septum and skin of side of nose, mucous membrane of mouth, skin of upper lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
*** '''infraorbital nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne140.htm INFRAORBITAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={continuation of the maxillary nerve, entering the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, and occupying in succession the infraorbital groove, canal, and foramen}; DISTRIBUTION={incisor, cuspid, and premolar teeth of upper jaw, skin and conjunctiva of lower eyelid, mobile septum and skin of side of nose, mucous membrane of mouth, skin of upper lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}
**** <img src="http://o.quizlet.com/mIPJsqitrkJvkSOJhSs8MQ.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/52f93f08691ca3d1fb4ea1a849957e69.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
**** '''alveolar nerves, superior, anterior and middle branches''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne147.htm MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne148.htm ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE]; nasodental ramus); ORIGIN={arise from infraorbital nerves}; DISTRIBUTION={innervate the teeth of the upper jaw and the maxillary sinus, and forming the superior dental plexus, incisors (anterior), premolars (middle)}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
**** '''alveolar nerves, superior, anterior and middle branches''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne147.htm MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne148.htm ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE]; nasodental ramus); ORIGIN={arise from infraorbital nerves}; DISTRIBUTION={innervate the teeth of the upper jaw and the maxillary sinus, and forming the superior dental plexus, incisors (anterior), premolars (middle)}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
Line 174: Line 174:
 
**** '''zygomatic nerve, zygomaticotemporal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne145.htm ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL NERVE]); MODALITY={general sensory}
 
**** '''zygomatic nerve, zygomaticotemporal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne145.htm ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL NERVE]); MODALITY={general sensory}
 
** '''ophthalmic nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne129.htm OPHTHALMIC NERVE]); ORIGIN={one of the three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={eyeball and conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa and frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, general sensory}
 
** '''ophthalmic nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne129.htm OPHTHALMIC NERVE]); ORIGIN={one of the three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve, trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={eyeball and conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa and frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, general sensory}
*** <img src="http://www.cambridgequestions.co.uk/diagrams/Ophthalmic%20nerve.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/139a4f5175650781a8d214b0010db233.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
*** '''frontal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne130.htm FRONTAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve; enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure}; DISTRIBUTION={chiefly to the forehead and scalp, sensory innervations for the skin of the forehead, mucosa of frontal sinus, and the skin of the upper eyelid}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
*** '''frontal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne130.htm FRONTAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve; enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure}; DISTRIBUTION={chiefly to the forehead and scalp, sensory innervations for the skin of the forehead, mucosa of frontal sinus, and the skin of the upper eyelid}; MODALITY={general sensory}
**** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/33/flashcards/602033/jpg/lacrimal_apparatus_(edit_nerves)1317455372674.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/a71171366cac03ca185ef4d13461c4a1.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
**** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FACE|Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
**** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FACE|Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
**** '''supraorbital nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne131.htm SUPRAORBITAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={continuation of frontal nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={leaves orbit through supraorbital notch or foramen, and supplies the skin of upper eyelid, forehead, anterior scalp (to vertex), mucosa of frontal sinus}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
**** '''supraorbital nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne131.htm SUPRAORBITAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={continuation of frontal nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={leaves orbit through supraorbital notch or foramen, and supplies the skin of upper eyelid, forehead, anterior scalp (to vertex), mucosa of frontal sinus}; MODALITY={general sensory}
Line 185: Line 185:
 
*** '''nasociliary nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne133.htm NASOCILIARY NERVE]); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
*** '''nasociliary nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne133.htm NASOCILIARY NERVE]); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
**** '''ciliary nerves, sensory fibers'''; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
**** '''ciliary nerves, sensory fibers'''; MODALITY={general sensory}
***** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/33/flashcards/602033/jpg/cn_iii_-_ciliary_ganglion_(edit)1315978373461.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/12b0653392e9ca8ea1f666d84ea79f24.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
***** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_TRG|Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG]]}
 
***** '''ciliary nerves, long, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne136.htm LONG CILIARY NERVES]); ORIGIN={nasociliary nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={dilator muscle of pupil, uvea, cornea}; MODALITY={general sensory}
 
***** '''ciliary nerves, long, sensory fibers''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne136.htm LONG CILIARY NERVES]); ORIGIN={nasociliary nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={dilator muscle of pupil, uvea, cornea}; MODALITY={general sensory}
Line 230: Line 230:
 
* '''eye nerves'''; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
 
* '''eye nerves'''; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
 
** '''abducent nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne170.htm ABDUCENT NERVE]; sixth cranial nerve, VI); ORIGIN={a NUCLEUS in the pons, beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle, emerging from the brain stem anteriorly between the pons and medulla oblongata}; DISTRIBUTION={lateral rectus muscle of eye}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle Eye - lateral rectus muscle] - abducts the eyeball}
 
** '''abducent nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne170.htm ABDUCENT NERVE]; sixth cranial nerve, VI); ORIGIN={a NUCLEUS in the pons, beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle, emerging from the brain stem anteriorly between the pons and medulla oblongata}; DISTRIBUTION={lateral rectus muscle of eye}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle Eye - lateral rectus muscle] - abducts the eyeball}
*** <img src="http://drugline.org/img/term/abducent-nerve-38_2.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/7b4f438aba8529547483740a31ea3688.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_ABD|Abducens Nucleus,LPC.HT.ABD]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_ABD|Abducens Nucleus,LPC.HT.ABD]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 
** '''oculomotor nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne126.htm OCULOMOTOR NERVE]; third cranial nerve, III); ORIGIN={BRAIN STEM, emerging medial to cerebral peduncles and running forward in the cavernous sinus}; DISTRIBUTION={entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, the branches supply the levator muscle of upper eyelid, all extrinsic eye muscles except the lateral rectus and superior oblique, and carry parasympathetic fibers for the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle Eye - levator palpebrae superioris muscle] - retracts/elevates eyelid}
 
** '''oculomotor nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne126.htm OCULOMOTOR NERVE]; third cranial nerve, III); ORIGIN={BRAIN STEM, emerging medial to cerebral peduncles and running forward in the cavernous sinus}; DISTRIBUTION={entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, the branches supply the levator muscle of upper eyelid, all extrinsic eye muscles except the lateral rectus and superior oblique, and carry parasympathetic fibers for the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle Eye - levator palpebrae superioris muscle] - retracts/elevates eyelid}
 
*** '''oculomotor nerve, inferior branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne221.htm INFERIOR RAMUS OF OCULOMOTOR NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={inferior rectus}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle Eye - inferior oblique muscle] - extorsion, elevation, abduction; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle Eye - inferior rectus muscle] - depression and adduction; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle Eye - medial rectus muscle] - adducts the eyeball}
 
*** '''oculomotor nerve, inferior branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne221.htm INFERIOR RAMUS OF OCULOMOTOR NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={inferior rectus}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle Eye - inferior oblique muscle] - extorsion, elevation, abduction; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle Eye - inferior rectus muscle] - depression and adduction; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle Eye - medial rectus muscle] - adducts the eyeball}
**** <img src="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp15F41_thumb.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/bff5e039dbae89cecdc3f9ba763b09fe.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 
**** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 
**** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 
*** '''oculomotor nerve, superior branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne225.htm SUPERIOR RAMUS OF OCULOMOTOR NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={supplies superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle Eye - superior rectus muscle] - elevates, adducts, and rotates medially the eye}
 
*** '''oculomotor nerve, superior branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne225.htm SUPERIOR RAMUS OF OCULOMOTOR NERVE]); DISTRIBUTION={supplies superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle Eye - superior rectus muscle] - elevates, adducts, and rotates medially the eye}
Line 241: Line 241:
 
***** <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Ciliary_ganglion_pathways.png/800px-Ciliary_ganglion_pathways.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
***** <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Ciliary_ganglion_pathways.png/800px-Ciliary_ganglion_pathways.png" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
** '''optic nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne125.htm OPTIC NERVE]; second cranial nerve, II, nerve of sight); ORIGIN={actually part of the central nervous system throughout its course; it consists chiefly of axons and central processes of cells of the ganglionic layer of the RETINA}; DISTRIBUTION={leave the orbit through the optic canal, and joins with its opposite number to form the optic chiasm (the medial fibers of each nerve crossing over to the opposite side), then continues as the optic tract to end in the lateral geniculate body}; MODALITY={special sensory}
 
** '''optic nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne125.htm OPTIC NERVE]; second cranial nerve, II, nerve of sight); ORIGIN={actually part of the central nervous system throughout its course; it consists chiefly of axons and central processes of cells of the ganglionic layer of the RETINA}; DISTRIBUTION={leave the orbit through the optic canal, and joins with its opposite number to form the optic chiasm (the medial fibers of each nerve crossing over to the opposite side), then continues as the optic tract to end in the lateral geniculate body}; MODALITY={special sensory}
*** <img src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0012160607009098-gr2.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/2a3398890826aaaa606ca2593446dcab.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
*** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]}
 
*** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]}
 
*** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_SUP|Superficial Superior Colliculus,LRC.MM.SC.SUP]]}
 
*** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_SUP|Superficial Superior Colliculus,LRC.MM.SC.SUP]]}
Line 247: Line 247:
 
*** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]]}
 
*** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_RT|Retinal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SCN|Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SCN]]}
 
** '''trochlear nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne127.htm TROCHLEAR NERVE]; fourth cranial nerve, IV); ORIGIN={the fibers of each trochlear nerve (one on either side) decussate across the median plane and emerge from the back of the BRAIN STEM below the corresponding inferior colliculus}; DISTRIBUTION={runs forward in lateral wall of cavernous sinus, traverses the superior orbital fissure, and supplies superior oblique muscle of eyeball}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle Eye - superior oblique muscle] - primary: intorsion, secondary:abduct (laterally rotate) and depress the eyeball}
 
** '''trochlear nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne127.htm TROCHLEAR NERVE]; fourth cranial nerve, IV); ORIGIN={the fibers of each trochlear nerve (one on either side) decussate across the median plane and emerge from the back of the BRAIN STEM below the corresponding inferior colliculus}; DISTRIBUTION={runs forward in lateral wall of cavernous sinus, traverses the superior orbital fissure, and supplies superior oblique muscle of eyeball}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle Eye - superior oblique muscle] - primary: intorsion, secondary:abduct (laterally rotate) and depress the eyeball}
*** <img src="http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%205/CN_III.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/91ef748f85fba5d3df8ea6a7766e234d.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_TRH|Trochlear Nucleus,LPC.MM.TRH]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_TRH|Trochlear Nucleus,LPC.MM.TRH]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EYE|Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE]]}
 
* '''glossopharyngeal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne186.htm GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE]; ninth cranial nerve, IX); ORIGIN={several ROOTLETS from lateral side of upper part of medulla oblongata, between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={it has two enlargements (superior and inferior ganglia) and supplies the tongue, pharynx, and parotid gland}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, general sensory, special sensory}
 
* '''glossopharyngeal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne186.htm GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE]; ninth cranial nerve, IX); ORIGIN={several ROOTLETS from lateral side of upper part of medulla oblongata, between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={it has two enlargements (superior and inferior ganglia) and supplies the tongue, pharynx, and parotid gland}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, general sensory, special sensory}
Line 268: Line 268:
 
** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_HYG|Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]]}
 
** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_HYG|Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_FEEDER|Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER]]}
 
** '''communicating branches between the lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve'''; DISTRIBUTION={forming a plexus on the hypoglossus muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}
 
** '''communicating branches between the lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve'''; DISTRIBUTION={forming a plexus on the hypoglossus muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor}
*** <img src="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp15F31_thumb.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/f6cffc921235f30167138fdab2176680.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 
* '''olfactory nerves''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/olfactory.htm OLFACTORY NERVE]; first cranial nerve, I); ORIGIN={the nerves of smell, consisting of about 20 bundles which arise in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM}; DISTRIBUTION={pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb}; MODALITY={special sensory}
 
* '''olfactory nerves''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/olfactory.htm OLFACTORY NERVE]; first cranial nerve, I); ORIGIN={the nerves of smell, consisting of about 20 bundles which arise in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM}; DISTRIBUTION={pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb}; MODALITY={special sensory}
 
** <img src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10982/bin/ch15f1.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 
** <img src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10982/bin/ch15f1.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 
** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSS}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_NOSE|Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_MOE|Main Olfactory Epithelium,LPC.PN.SG.MOE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FT_MOB|Main Olfactory Bulb,LPC.FT.MOB]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FT_AON|Anterior Olfactory Nucleus,LPC.FT.AON]]}
 
** fiber: SSA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SSS}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_NOSE|Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_MOE|Main Olfactory Epithelium,LPC.PN.SG.MOE]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FT_MOB|Main Olfactory Bulb,LPC.FT.MOB]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_FT_AON|Anterior Olfactory Nucleus,LPC.FT.AON]]}
 
* '''vagus nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne191.htm VAGUS NERVE]; pneumogastric nerve, tenth cranial nerve, X); ORIGIN={by numerous ROOTLETS from lateral side of medulla oblongata in the groove between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={descending through the jugular foramen, it presents as a superior and an inferior ganglion, and continues through the neck and thorax into the abdomen. It supplies sensory fibers to the ear, tongue, pharynx, and larynx, motor fibers to the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, and parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibers to thoracic and abdominal viscera}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory, general sensory}
 
* '''vagus nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne191.htm VAGUS NERVE]; pneumogastric nerve, tenth cranial nerve, X); ORIGIN={by numerous ROOTLETS from lateral side of medulla oblongata in the groove between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={descending through the jugular foramen, it presents as a superior and an inferior ganglion, and continues through the neck and thorax into the abdomen. It supplies sensory fibers to the ear, tongue, pharynx, and larynx, motor fibers to the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, and parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibers to thoracic and abdominal viscera}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory, general sensory}
** <img src="http://img.tfd.com/MosbyMD/vagus_nerve.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/68ed476901234409a741c21619947a62.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 
** '''vagus nerve, heart and lung'''; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}
 
** '''vagus nerve, heart and lung'''; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}
*** <img src="http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/external-innervation-heart-vagus-nerve-visceral-sensory-fibers-interneurons-cardioacceleratory-center-cardioinhibitory-center.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/2b03762216d6cec83f8b80fcc1cd0b71.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=500>
 
*** '''vagus nerve, bronchial branch'''; DISTRIBUTION={distributed as 2-3 branches on the anterior surface of the root of the lung, form the anterior and posterior  pulmonary plexus}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/237 Lung - glands of trachea, lungs, and bronchi] - increase in airway secretions; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchus Lung - smooth muscles of trachea and bronchial tree] - constriction of trachea and bronchioles}
 
*** '''vagus nerve, bronchial branch'''; DISTRIBUTION={distributed as 2-3 branches on the anterior surface of the root of the lung, form the anterior and posterior  pulmonary plexus}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/237 Lung - glands of trachea, lungs, and bronchi] - increase in airway secretions; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchus Lung - smooth muscles of trachea and bronchial tree] - constriction of trachea and bronchioles}
 
**** fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_LUNG|Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 
**** fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_LUNG|Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
Line 290: Line 290:
 
** '''vagus nerve, neck'''; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory, general sensory}
 
** '''vagus nerve, neck'''; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory, general sensory}
 
*** '''laryngeal nerve''' (Galen's nerve, [http://www.emory.edu/ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/pharynx.html Pharynx and Larynx]); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory}
 
*** '''laryngeal nerve''' (Galen's nerve, [http://www.emory.edu/ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/pharynx.html Pharynx and Larynx]); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory}
**** <img src="http://static-www.icr.org/i/articles/af/laryngeal_nerve.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/5fb7e1c5310af4fcd11b6a603be4dc03.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
**** '''laryngeal nerve, superior''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne192.htm SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={inferior GANGLION of vagus nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={inferior constrictor of the pharynx, cricothyroid muscle, and mucous membrane of back of tongue and larynx}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, visceral motor}
 
**** '''laryngeal nerve, superior''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne192.htm SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={inferior GANGLION of vagus nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={inferior constrictor of the pharynx, cricothyroid muscle, and mucous membrane of back of tongue and larynx}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, visceral motor}
 
***** '''laryngeal nerve, external''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne256.htm EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={the smaller of the two branches into which the superior laryngeal nerve divides}; DISTRIBUTION={descending under cover of the sternothyroid muscle and innervating the cricothyroid and the inferior constrictor of the pharynx}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Feeder - inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle] - swallowing; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arytenoid_muscle Speaker - arytenoid muscle] - approximate the arytenoid cartilages (close rima glottidis); [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyroid_muscle Speaker - cricothyroid muscle] - tension and elongation of the vocal folds (has minor adductory effect); [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_muscle_of_thyroid_gland Speaker - levator muscle of thyroid gland] - elevates the thyroid gland}
 
***** '''laryngeal nerve, external''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne256.htm EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={the smaller of the two branches into which the superior laryngeal nerve divides}; DISTRIBUTION={descending under cover of the sternothyroid muscle and innervating the cricothyroid and the inferior constrictor of the pharynx}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Feeder - inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle] - swallowing; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arytenoid_muscle Speaker - arytenoid muscle] - approximate the arytenoid cartilages (close rima glottidis); [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyroid_muscle Speaker - cricothyroid muscle] - tension and elongation of the vocal folds (has minor adductory effect); [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_muscle_of_thyroid_gland Speaker - levator muscle of thyroid gland] - elevates the thyroid gland}
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****** fiber: GVA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SFN}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_LUNG|Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 
****** fiber: GVA, types={C-sensory}, endings={SFN}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_LUNG|Lung,TARGET.TEA.LUNG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 
**** '''recurrent laryngeal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne260.htm LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE]; MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne271.htm RIGHT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={vagus nerve (chiefly the cranial part of the accessory nerve)}; DISTRIBUTION={tracheal mucosa, esophagus, cardiac plexus}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}
 
**** '''recurrent laryngeal nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne260.htm LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE]; MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne271.htm RIGHT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE]); ORIGIN={vagus nerve (chiefly the cranial part of the accessory nerve)}; DISTRIBUTION={tracheal mucosa, esophagus, cardiac plexus}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}
***** <img src="http://img.medscape.com/pi/emed/ckb/clinical_procedures/79926-1412901-1923100-1975290.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/77a9a8caa8ea0f7abebe01f9b73d5493.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
***** '''inferior laryngeal nerve''' (anterior); ORIGIN={recurrent laryngeal nerve, especially the terminal portion of this nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={intrinsic muscles of larynx, except cricothyroid; communicates with the internal laryngeal nerve, all muscles of larynx (EXCEPT cricothryoid)}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryepiglottic_muscle Speaker - aryepiglottic muscle] - close the inlet; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle Speaker - lateral cricoarytenoid muscle] - adduct and medially rotate the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments towards the midline and backwards and so closing off the rima glottidis; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_arytenoid Speaker - oblique arytenoid muscle] - sphincter of the laryngeal inlet; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle Speaker - posterior cricoarytenoid muscle] - abducts and laterally rotates the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments away from the midline and forward and so opening the rima glottidis; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroarytenoid_muscle Speaker - thyroarytenoid muscle] - thickens the vocal folds and decreases length; also helps to adduct the vocal folds during speech; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroepiglottic_muscle Speaker - thyroepiglottic muscle] - closes the inlet to the larynx}
 
***** '''inferior laryngeal nerve''' (anterior); ORIGIN={recurrent laryngeal nerve, especially the terminal portion of this nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={intrinsic muscles of larynx, except cricothyroid; communicates with the internal laryngeal nerve, all muscles of larynx (EXCEPT cricothryoid)}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryepiglottic_muscle Speaker - aryepiglottic muscle] - close the inlet; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle Speaker - lateral cricoarytenoid muscle] - adduct and medially rotate the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments towards the midline and backwards and so closing off the rima glottidis; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_arytenoid Speaker - oblique arytenoid muscle] - sphincter of the laryngeal inlet; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle Speaker - posterior cricoarytenoid muscle] - abducts and laterally rotates the cartilage, pulling the vocal ligaments away from the midline and forward and so opening the rima glottidis; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroarytenoid_muscle Speaker - thyroarytenoid muscle] - thickens the vocal folds and decreases length; also helps to adduct the vocal folds during speech; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroepiglottic_muscle Speaker - thyroepiglottic muscle] - closes the inlet to the larynx}
 
****** <img src="http://academic.amc.edu/martino/grossanatomy/site/Medical/CASES/GI/pop%20ups/pop%20up%20images/larynx.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
****** <img src="http://academic.amc.edu/martino/grossanatomy/site/Medical/CASES/GI/pop%20ups/pop%20up%20images/larynx.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
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**** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_PROTECTOR|Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_JUG|Jugular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.JUG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR]]}
 
**** fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_PROTECTOR|Immunity glands and meninges,TARGET.TEA.PROTECTOR]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_JUG|Jugular Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.JUG]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_TGS_STR|Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HL.TGS.STR]]}
 
*** '''vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne264.htm PHARYNGEAL BRANCH OF VAGUS NERVE]); ORIGIN={arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={passes across the internal carotid artery to the upper border of the Constrictor pharyngis medius, where it divides into numerous filaments, which join with branches from the glossopharyngeal, sympathetic, and external laryngeal to form the pharyngeal plexus; sensory innervates the mesopharyngeal epithelium, GSE - see accessory nerve}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_veli_palatini Feeder - levator veli palatini muscle] - elevates soft palate; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatopharyngeus_muscle Speaker - palatopharyngeus muscle] - pulls pharynx and larynx}
 
*** '''vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne264.htm PHARYNGEAL BRANCH OF VAGUS NERVE]); ORIGIN={arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={passes across the internal carotid artery to the upper border of the Constrictor pharyngis medius, where it divides into numerous filaments, which join with branches from the glossopharyngeal, sympathetic, and external laryngeal to form the pharyngeal plexus; sensory innervates the mesopharyngeal epithelium, GSE - see accessory nerve}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_veli_palatini Feeder - levator veli palatini muscle] - elevates soft palate; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatopharyngeus_muscle Speaker - palatopharyngeus muscle] - pulls pharynx and larynx}
**** <img src="http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/33/flashcards/602033/jpg/cn_x_-_superior_laryngeal_nerve_(edit)1317319244856.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/018f4dfeef83161d5bbeb6f1e0d47c3b.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
**** fiber: SVE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_SPEAKER|Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER]]}
 
**** fiber: SVE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_SPEAKER|Mouth speaker,TARGET.TEA.SPEAKER]]}
 
**** '''vagus nerve, pharyngeal plexus''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne263.htm PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS], [http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne268.htm RAMUS LINGUALIS VAGI]); ORIGIN={vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch}; DISTRIBUTION={From the plexus, branches are distributed to the muscles and mucous membrane of the pharynx and the muscles of the soft palate, except the Tensor veli palatini. A minute filament descends and joins the hypoglossal nerve as it winds around the occipital artery}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Feeder - middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle] - swallowing; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatoglossus_muscle Feeder - palatoglossus muscle] - raising the back part of the tongue; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Feeder - superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle] - swallowing; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpingopharyngeus_muscle Nose - salpingopharyngeus muscle] - raise the nasopharynx}
 
**** '''vagus nerve, pharyngeal plexus''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne263.htm PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS], [http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne268.htm RAMUS LINGUALIS VAGI]); ORIGIN={vagus nerve, pharyngeal branch}; DISTRIBUTION={From the plexus, branches are distributed to the muscles and mucous membrane of the pharynx and the muscles of the soft palate, except the Tensor veli palatini. A minute filament descends and joins the hypoglossal nerve as it winds around the occipital artery}; MODALITY={visceral motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Feeder - middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle] - swallowing; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatoglossus_muscle Feeder - palatoglossus muscle] - raising the back part of the tongue; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Feeder - superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle] - swallowing; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpingopharyngeus_muscle Nose - salpingopharyngeus muscle] - raise the nasopharynx}
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*** '''vagus nerve, renal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne269.htm RENAL BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVES], [http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne113.htm RENAL PLEXUS]); DISTRIBUTION={The plexus  follows the renal artery and is a subsidiary of the celiac plexus. It enters the splenic substance by passing into the various divisions of the artery. It supplies the renal corpuscles and tubules, together with the arteries. It gives vasomotor nerves to the renal arteries; provide parasympathetic innervation to the kidney; connection to ureteric and gonadal plexuses}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 
*** '''vagus nerve, renal branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne269.htm RENAL BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVES], [http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne113.htm RENAL PLEXUS]); DISTRIBUTION={The plexus  follows the renal artery and is a subsidiary of the celiac plexus. It enters the splenic substance by passing into the various divisions of the artery. It supplies the renal corpuscles and tubules, together with the arteries. It gives vasomotor nerves to the renal arteries; provide parasympathetic innervation to the kidney; connection to ureteric and gonadal plexuses}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 
** '''vagus nerve, stomach and liver'''; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 
** '''vagus nerve, stomach and liver'''; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
*** <img src="http://www.digestivedistress.com/sites/default/files/graphics/Digestion,stomac1.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/a7c6d60aa7aeb747f57d9426a75b3bcc.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
*** '''vagus nerve, esophageal branches''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne255.htm ESOPHAGEAL PLEXUS],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne195.htm ESOPHAGEAL BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVE]); ORIGIN={formed by nerve fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk}; DISTRIBUTION={supply the esophagus and also the pericardium; parasympathetic: make the anterior vagal trunk (left vagus) and the posterior vagal trunk; sympathetic: intermediolateral cell column (IMLCC) of the thoracic spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 
*** '''vagus nerve, esophageal branches''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne255.htm ESOPHAGEAL PLEXUS],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne195.htm ESOPHAGEAL BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVE]); ORIGIN={formed by nerve fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk}; DISTRIBUTION={supply the esophagus and also the pericardium; parasympathetic: make the anterior vagal trunk (left vagus) and the posterior vagal trunk; sympathetic: intermediolateral cell column (IMLCC) of the thoracic spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 
**** fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_STOMACH|Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 
**** fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_STOMACH|Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
Line 326: Line 326:
 
**** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_ISL|Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_GUT|Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_STOMACH|Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH]]}
 
**** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_ISL|Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_GUT|Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_STOMACH|Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH]]}
 
*** '''vagus nerve, hepatic branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne258.htm HEPATIC BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVES],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne109.htm HEPATIC PLEXUS]); ORIGIN={Anterior and Posterior vagus nerves}; DISTRIBUTION={join the hepatic plexus and through it are conveyed to the liver}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland Liver - abdominal alimentary tract glands] - secretes bile into the small intestine via the bile duct employing the gallbladder as a reservoi}
 
*** '''vagus nerve, hepatic branch''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne258.htm HEPATIC BRANCHES OF VAGUS NERVES],[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne109.htm HEPATIC PLEXUS]); ORIGIN={Anterior and Posterior vagus nerves}; DISTRIBUTION={join the hepatic plexus and through it are conveyed to the liver}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}; MUSCLES={[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland Liver - abdominal alimentary tract glands] - secretes bile into the small intestine via the bile duct employing the gallbladder as a reservoi}
**** <img src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S092544391000013X-gr1.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/886e6477ca42d606dd31c94f836eb5d4.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
**** '''vagus nerve, gastroduodenal branch'''; DISTRIBUTION={terminates in the upper duodenum, pancreas, pyloric sphincter, and antral stomach}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 
**** '''vagus nerve, gastroduodenal branch'''; DISTRIBUTION={terminates in the upper duodenum, pancreas, pyloric sphincter, and antral stomach}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, parasympathetic motor}
 
***** fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_STOMACH|Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
 
***** fiber: GVA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SAD}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_STOMACH|Stomach,TARGET.TEA.STOMACH]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_NOD|Nodose Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.NOD]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]}
Line 334: Line 334:
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_ISL|Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_GUT|Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_LIVER|Liver,TARGET.TEA.LIVER]]}
 
***** fiber: GVE, types={B-motor}, endings={MPA-PC}, chain={[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_SAL_ISL|Inferior Salivatory Nucleus,LAC.HL.SAL.ISL]] -> [[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_GUT|Parasympathetic Gut Brain,LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_LIVER|Liver,TARGET.TEA.LIVER]]}
 
* '''vestibulocochlear nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne183.htm VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE]; acoustic nerve, auditory nerve, eighth cranial nerve, VIII); ORIGIN={it emerges from the brain between the pons and the medulla oblongata, at the cerebellopontine angle and behind the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={is connected with the brain by corresponding roots, the vestibular and the cochlear roots}; MODALITY={special sensory, cranial motor}
 
* '''vestibulocochlear nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne183.htm VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE]; acoustic nerve, auditory nerve, eighth cranial nerve, VIII); ORIGIN={it emerges from the brain between the pons and the medulla oblongata, at the cerebellopontine angle and behind the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={is connected with the brain by corresponding roots, the vestibular and the cochlear roots}; MODALITY={special sensory, cranial motor}
** <img src="http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%205/CN_VIII.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/ec1c0f913eb5ec6e2ea7484031d23d84.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
** '''cochlear nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne184.htm COCHLEAR NERVE]); ORIGIN={the part of the vestibulocochlear nerve concerned with hearing}; DISTRIBUTION={consisting of fibers that arise from the bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion and have their receptors in the spiral organ of the cochlea}; MODALITY={special sensory, cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://www.d.umn.edu/~jfitzake/Lectures/UndergradPharmacy/SensoryPhysiology/Audition/OHCFunction.html Ear - outer hair cells] - contracts basilar membrane; mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters cochlea}
 
** '''cochlear nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne184.htm COCHLEAR NERVE]); ORIGIN={the part of the vestibulocochlear nerve concerned with hearing}; DISTRIBUTION={consisting of fibers that arise from the bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion and have their receptors in the spiral organ of the cochlea}; MODALITY={special sensory, cranial motor}; MUSCLES={[http://www.d.umn.edu/~jfitzake/Lectures/UndergradPharmacy/SensoryPhysiology/Audition/OHCFunction.html Ear - outer hair cells] - contracts basilar membrane; mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters cochlea}
 
*** <img src="http://otah2o.wikispaces.com/file/view/organ_of_corti.gif/218355072/organ_of_corti.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
*** <img src="http://otah2o.wikispaces.com/file/view/organ_of_corti.gif/218355072/organ_of_corti.gif" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
Line 341: Line 341:
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC|Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]]}
 
*** fiber: GSE, types={A-alpha-Ia-motor}, endings={MA}, chain={[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC|Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC]] -> [[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]]}
 
** '''vestibular nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne185.htm VESTIBULAR NERVE]); ORIGIN={the posterior part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, which is concerned with the sense of equilibrium}; DISTRIBUTION={It consists of fibers arising from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, and divides peripherally into a rostral and a caudal part, with receptors in the ampullae of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule}; MODALITY={special sensory}
 
** '''vestibular nerve''' (MA:[http://www.oluwoleogunranti.com/course/course1/nerves/ne185.htm VESTIBULAR NERVE]); ORIGIN={the posterior part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, which is concerned with the sense of equilibrium}; DISTRIBUTION={It consists of fibers arising from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, and divides peripherally into a rostral and a caudal part, with receptors in the ampullae of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule}; MODALITY={special sensory}
*** <img src="http://webmedia.unmc.edu/medicine/todd/papt/Wk15-Aud-Vest_files/slide0065_image024.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/6ba1a5d7b7bb6b97c33733ddbfe60d14.jpg" alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 
*** '''ampullar nerve'''; MODALITY={special sensory}
 
*** '''ampullar nerve'''; MODALITY={special sensory}
 
**** fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_CVB|Vestibular Ganglion - Semicircular Canal Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.CVB]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HT_SVBN|Superior Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.SVBN]]}
 
**** fiber: SSA, types={A-delta-sensory}, endings={SSV}, chain={[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_CVB|Vestibular Ganglion - Semicircular Canal Neurons,LPC.PN.SG.CVB]] -> [[BrainRegionLPC_HT_SVBN|Superior Vestibular Nucleus,LPC.HT.SVBN]]}

Revision as of 12:53, 15 June 2016

Cranial Human Nerves

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This page is intended to list all nerves of biological human, which connect mind to human limbs and visceral organs. Related findings are structured by other research themes.

Coverage verified by:

CRANIAL NERVES - FACE

(generated)

motor nuclei/ganglia:

sensory nuclei/ganglia:

  • Geniculate Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.GNG; NERVES={auricular nerve, posterior, auricular branch; communicating branch of chorda tympani with lingual nerve; palatine nerves, lesser, parasympathetic fibers}
  • Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.MM.MSTR; NERVES={nerves to masticatory muscles}
  • Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG; NERVES={buccal nerve; mandibular nerve, meningeal branch; auricular nerves, anterior; auriculotemporal nerve, branch to tympanic membrane; auriculotemporal nerve, branches communicating with facial nerve; nerve of external acoustic meatus; inferior alveolar nerve, dental branches; inferior alveolar nerve, gingival branches; mental nerve; lingual nerve, branch to isthmus of fauces; lingual nerve, lingual branch; sublingual nerve; alveolar nerves, superior, posterior branch; nasopalatine nerve, sensory fibers; palatine nerve, sensory fibers; alveolar nerves, superior, anterior and middle branches; infraorbital nerve, external nasal branch; infraorbital nerve, inferior palpebral branch; internal nasal nerve; superior labial branch; maxillary nerve, meningeal branch; zygomatic nerve; frontal nerve; lacrimal nerve; ciliary nerves, sensory fibers; ethmoidal nerve; infratrochlear nerve; tentorial nerve}

nerves:

  • accessory nerve (MA:ACCESSORY NERVE; eleventh cranial nerve, XI); MODALITY={cranial motor, flexor motor, extensor motor}

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    • accessory nerve, external; ORIGIN={by spinal roots from the side of the spinal cord (from the upper three or more cervical segments), from the nucleus of accessory nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={the external branch branches to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (shoulder)}; MODALITY={flexor motor, extensor motor}; MUSCLES={Hand - trapezius muscle - Descending (superior) part elevates; ascending (inferior) part depresses; and middle part (or all parts together) retracts scapula; descending and ascending parts act together to rotate glenoid cavity superiorly; Neck - sternocleidomastoid muscle - Acting alone, tilts head to its own side and rotates it so the face is turned towards the opposite side. Acting together, flexes the neck, raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration.}
    • accessory nerve, internal; ORIGIN={by cranial ROOTS from side of medulla oblongata, from ambiguus nucleus}; DISTRIBUTION={internal branch to vagus and thereby to palate, pharynx, larynx, and thoracic viscera, pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of vagus, muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate}; MODALITY={cranial motor}
  • facial nerve (MA:FACIAL NERVE; seventh cranial nerve, VII); ORIGIN={inferior border of pons, between olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={various structures of face, head, and neck}; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, general sensory, special sensory}

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      • petrosal nerve, greater (MA:GREATER PETROSAL NERVE); ORIGIN={intermediate nerve via geniculate GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={running forward from the geniculate ganglion, it joins the deep petrosal nerve of the pterygoid canal, and reaches lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands and nasopharynx, via pterygopalatine ganglion and its branches}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, special sensory}

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    • mandibular nerve (MA:MANDIBULAR NERVE; one of three terminal divisions of the trigeminal nerve); ORIGIN={trigeminal GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={passing through the foramen ovale to the infratemporal fossa, extensive distribution to muscles of mastication, skin of face, mucous membrane of mouth, and teeth}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory, visceral motor}

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      • mandibular nerve, meningeal branch (MA:NERVUS SPINOSUS; recurrent branch); DISTRIBUTION={supplies the dura mater, supplies mastoid cells that communicate with middle ear}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      • mandibular nerve, posterior trunk (MA:POSTERIOR TRUNK OF MANDIBULAR NERVE); MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, cranial motor, general sensory}
        • auriculotemporal nerve (MA:AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE); ORIGIN={by two roots from the mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={parotid gland, scalp in temporal region, tympanic membrane}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}
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          • auricular nerves, anterior; ORIGIN={auriculotemporal nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={supply the tragus and upper part of the auricle, skin of anterosuperior part of external ear}; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • auriculotemporal nerve, branch to tympanic membrane; ORIGIN={auriculotemporal nerve comprises exclusively somatosensory fibers, which ascend to the superficial temporal region and there it supplies the supplies the auricle, external acoustic meatus, outer side of the tympanic membrane and the skin in the temporal region}; DISTRIBUTION={outer side of the tympanic membrane and the skin in the temporal region}; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • auriculotemporal nerve, branches communicating with facial nerve; ORIGIN={The auriculotemporal nerve then pierces the parotid fascia and enters the retromandibular region of the parotid gland; Within the parotid gland, it breaks up in a spray of branches that immediately and abruptly diverge; Anterior and posterior communicating ramus with the facial nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={They provide sensory fibers for the zygomatic, buccal, and mandibular divisions of the facial nerve to the skin, convey proprioceptive impulses from orbicularis oculi}; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • auriculotemporal nerve, parotid branch; ORIGIN={auriculotemporal nerve passes medially to the neck of the mandible, gives off parotid branches and then turns superior}; DISTRIBUTION={secretomotor fibers from tympanic plexus to the parotid gland}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor}
          • nerve of external acoustic meatus; ORIGIN={auriculotemporal nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin lining external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        • inferior alveolar nerve (MA:INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={teeth and gums of lower jaw, skin of chin and lower lip, mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle}; MODALITY={cranial motor, general sensory}

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          • inferior alveolar nerve, dental branches (MA:INCISIVE NERVE); ORIGIN={Within the canal or in their intraosseous course the fascicles of the IAN can either unite into single or double stranded bundles as well as ramify into an ample plexus formation. These neural structures give rise to the inferior dental branches and the inferior gingival branches}; DISTRIBUTION={providing sensation to the teeth and gums}; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • inferior alveolar nerve, gingival branches; ORIGIN={see dental branches}; DISTRIBUTION={mandibular (lower jaw) gingiva, interteeth tissue}; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • mental nerve (MA:MENTAL NERVE); ORIGIN={inferior alveolar nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin of chin, and lower lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}

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        • lingual nerve (MA:LINGUAL NERVE); ORIGIN={mandibular nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={descending to the tongue, first medial to the mandible and then under cover of the mucous membrane of the mouth; anterior two-thirds of tongue, adjacent areas of mouth, gums, isthmus of fauces}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, general sensory}

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        • nasopalatine nerve, sensory fibers (MA:NASOPALATINE NERVE); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={carries sensory information from the posterior inferior medial wall of the nasal cavity and anterior hard palate}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        • palatine nerve, sensory fibers; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Mouth feeder,TARGET.TEA.FEEDER -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
          • palatine nerve, greater, sensory fibers (MA:GREATER PALATINE NERVE; palatine nerve, sensory fibers, anterior); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={emerges through the greater palatine foramen and supplies the palate}; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • palatine nerves, lesser, sensory fibers (MA:LESSER PALATINE NERVES); ORIGIN={pterygopalatine GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={emerge through the lesser palatine foramen and supply the soft palate and tonsil, uvula}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      • infraorbital nerve (MA:INFRAORBITAL NERVE); ORIGIN={continuation of the maxillary nerve, entering the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, and occupying in succession the infraorbital groove, canal, and foramen}; DISTRIBUTION={incisor, cuspid, and premolar teeth of upper jaw, skin and conjunctiva of lower eyelid, mobile septum and skin of side of nose, mucous membrane of mouth, skin of upper lip}; MODALITY={general sensory}

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      • frontal nerve (MA:FRONTAL NERVE); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve; enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure}; DISTRIBUTION={chiefly to the forehead and scalp, sensory innervations for the skin of the forehead, mucosa of frontal sinus, and the skin of the upper eyelid}; MODALITY={general sensory}

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        • fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Face,TARGET.TEA.FACE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
        • supraorbital nerve (MA:SUPRAORBITAL NERVE); ORIGIN={continuation of frontal nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={leaves orbit through supraorbital notch or foramen, and supplies the skin of upper eyelid, forehead, anterior scalp (to vertex), mucosa of frontal sinus}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        • supratrochlear nerve (MA:SUPRATROCHLEAR NERVE); ORIGIN={frontal nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={leaves orbit at medial end of supraorbital margin and supplies the forehead and upper eyelid}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      • lacrimal nerve (MA:LACRIMAL NERVE); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure}; DISTRIBUTION={lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, lateral commissure of eye, and skin of upper eyelid}; MODALITY={autonomic sensory, general sensory}
      • nasociliary nerve (MA:NASOCILIARY NERVE); ORIGIN={ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        • ciliary nerves, sensory fibers; MODALITY={general sensory}

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          • fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Eye,TARGET.TSA.EYE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
          • ciliary nerves, long, sensory fibers (MA:LONG CILIARY NERVES); ORIGIN={nasociliary nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={dilator muscle of pupil, uvea, cornea}; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • ciliary nerves, short, sensory fibers (MA:SHORT CILIARY NERVES); ORIGIN={ciliary GANGLION}; DISTRIBUTION={smooth muscle and tunics of eye}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        • ethmoidal nerve; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • fiber: GSA, types={A-beta-sensory}, endings={SMECH}, chain={Nose,TARGET.TSA.NOSE -> Trigeminal Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.TRG}
          • ethmoidal nerve, anterior (MA:ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL NERVE); ORIGIN={continuation of nasociliary nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={mucosa of upper and anterior nasal septum, lateral wall of nasal cavity, skin of lower bridge and tip of nose}; MODALITY={general sensory}
          • ethmoidal nerve, posterior (MA:POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL NERVE); ORIGIN={nasociliary nerve, from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={mucosa of posterior ethmoid cells and of sphenoidal sinus}; MODALITY={general sensory}
        • infratrochlear nerve (MA:INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE); ORIGIN={nasociliary nerve from ophthalmic nerve}; DISTRIBUTION={skin of root and upper bridge of nose and lower eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal duct}; MODALITY={general sensory}
      • tentorial nerve; ORIGIN={a branch that arises from the ophthalmic nerve close to its origin from the trigeminal ganglion}; DISTRIBUTION={turning back to innervate the dura mater of the tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri}; MODALITY={general sensory}

CRANIAL NERVES - VISCERAL

(generated)

motor nuclei/ganglia:

sensory nuclei/ganglia:

nerves:

  • eye nerves; MODALITY={cranial motor, parasympathetic motor, special sensory}
    • abducent nerve (MA:ABDUCENT NERVE; sixth cranial nerve, VI); ORIGIN={a NUCLEUS in the pons, beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle, emerging from the brain stem anteriorly between the pons and medulla oblongata}; DISTRIBUTION={lateral rectus muscle of eye}; MODALITY={cranial motor}; MUSCLES={Eye - lateral rectus muscle - abducts the eyeball}

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  • olfactory nerves (MA:OLFACTORY NERVE; first cranial nerve, I); ORIGIN={the nerves of smell, consisting of about 20 bundles which arise in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM}; DISTRIBUTION={pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb}; MODALITY={special sensory}
  • vagus nerve (MA:VAGUS NERVE; pneumogastric nerve, tenth cranial nerve, X); ORIGIN={by numerous ROOTLETS from lateral side of medulla oblongata in the groove between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle}; DISTRIBUTION={descending through the jugular foramen, it presents as a superior and an inferior ganglion, and continues through the neck and thorax into the abdomen. It supplies sensory fibers to the ear, tongue, pharynx, and larynx, motor fibers to the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, and parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibers to thoracic and abdominal viscera}; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, visceral motor, autonomic sensory, general sensory}

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    • vagus nerve, heart and lung; MODALITY={parasympathetic motor, autonomic sensory}

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