BrainRegionTARGET TEA ENDOCRINE
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Endocrine Glands
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This page covers biological details of component Endocrine Glands. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.
- Top-down path to region: Target -> Human Effectors (aHumanEffectors) -> Endocrine Glands (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE) (see Mind Maps)
- Type: effector
- Brain area: Effector Area
- Role: targeteffector
- Function: Secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward a distant target organ
(generated)
Components
(generated)
Component items:
- Endocrine head (endocrine-head)
- Endocrine - pituitary gland: release hormones by request from HT
- Adenohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.AR -> endocrine-adenohypophysis): secrete releasing hormones into blood
- Distal Part of Hypophysis
- Intermediate Part of Hypophysis
- Tuberal Part of Hypophysis
- Neurohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.SO -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin): transport vasopressin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
- Infundibular Stem
- Pars Nervosa of Hypophysis
- Nucleus of Medial Eminence (LAC.FD.HT.PV -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin): transport oxytocin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
- Anterior Median Eminence
- Posterior Median Eminence
- Lateral Eminence of Hypophysis
- Adenohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.AR -> endocrine-adenohypophysis): secrete releasing hormones into blood
- Endocrine - pineal gland (endocrine-pineal-gland): control of sexual development
- Endocrine - pituitary gland: release hormones by request from HT
- Endocrine neck (endocrine-neck)
- Endocrine - thyroid gland (LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> endocrine-thyroid-gland): release thyroid hormones into blood to rise oxygen use and heat production
- Endocrine - parathyroid gland (LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> endocrine-parathyroid-gland): release parathyroid hormones into blood to increase in blood calcium levels
- Endocrine body (endocrine-body)
- Endocrine - pancreas (endocrine-pancreas): release digestive enzymes that act in small intestine to increase rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells
- Endocrine - pancreas, sympathetic (LAC.PN.SYM.CEG -> endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic): sympathetic, a2: decreases secretion from beta cells, increases secretion from alpha cells, b2: increases secretion from beta cells
- Endocrine - pancreas, parasympathetic (LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic): parasympathetic, stimulates insulin secretion, M3: increases stimulation of alpha cells and beta cells
- Endocrine - adrenal gland (LAC.PN.SYM.SMG -> endocrine-adrenal-gland): releasing hormones in response to stress
- Endocrine - pancreas (endocrine-pancreas): release digestive enzymes that act in small intestine to increase rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells
- Endocrine - gonads (endocrine-gonads): release estrogen, progesterone and testosterone hormones to promote maturation of reproductive organs
- Endocrine - testicle gland (LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> endocrine-testicle-gland): produce androgens, primarily testosterone (growth of muscle mass and strength, regulator of cognitive and physical energy, sperm development
- Endocrine - ovary gland (LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> endocrine-ovary-gland): secretes estrogen (maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs), testosterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation) and progesterone (promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium
Connectivity
(generated)
Inbound Region Connections:
| Source Area | Source Region | Source Name | Type | Reference |
| FAM | FAM.FD.MHB | Medial Habenula | endocrine-pineal-gland | Habenula Connections (MHb -> PB) |
| LAC | LAC.FD.HT.AR | Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus | endocrine-adenohypophysis | (unknown reference) |
| LAC.FD.HT.PV | Paraventricular Nucleus | endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin | Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (HT.PV -> PUT) | |
| LAC.FD.HT.SO | Supraoptic Nucleus | endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin | (unknown reference) | |
| LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT | Parasympathetic Gut Brain | endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic | (unknown reference) | |
| LAC.PN.SYM.ARG | Aorticorenal Ganglion | endocrine-ovary-gland | (unknown reference) | |
| LAC.PN.SYM.CEG | Coelic Ganglion | endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic | (unknown reference) | |
| LAC.PN.SYM.MCG | Middle Cervical Ganglion | endocrine-parathyroid-gland | (unknown reference) | |
| LAC.PN.SYM.SMG | Superior Mesenteric Ganglion | endocrine-adrenal-gland | (unknown reference) |
Outbound Region Connections:
- no connections
Thirdparty Circuits
(generated)
- Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity - see Reference (CP.BOWELS)
AMY=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see Basal Ganglia) LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN ME=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia) NTS=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex) PBN=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB PVN=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV VMN=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA
- Habenula Connections - see Reference (CF.HB-CONNECTIONS)
CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia) DBB=Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB DR=Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia) IP=Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see Hypothalamus) LHb=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see Habenula) LPO=Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO MHb=Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB MR=Superior Central Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.SUC PB=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE S=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA
- Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex - see Reference (CF.AM-DISRUPTION)
ACG=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see Anterior Cingulate Area) AM=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation) HT.L=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see Hypothalamus) HT.PV=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV INS=Insular Cortex,NC.INS LC=Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex) PAG=Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG PB=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB PUT=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE SOL=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL TH=Thalamus,FD.TH
References
(generated)
