BrainRegionTARGET TEA ENDOCRINE

Endocrine Glands

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This page covers biological details of component Endocrine Glands. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

• Top-down path to region: Target -> Human Effectors (aHumanEffectors) -> Endocrine Glands (TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE) (see Mind Maps)
• Type: effector
• Brain area: Effector Area
• Role: targeteffector
• Function: Secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward a distant target organ

(generated)

Components

(generated)

Component items:

• Endocrine head (endocrine-head)
  • Endocrine - pituitary gland: release hormones by request from HT
    • Adenohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.AR -> endocrine-adenohypophysis): secrete releasing hormones into blood
      • Distal Part of Hypophysis
      • Intermediate Part of Hypophysis
      • Tuberal Part of Hypophysis
    • Neurohypophysis (LAC.FD.HT.SO -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin): transport vasopressin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
      • Infundibular Stem
      • Pars Nervosa of Hypophysis
    • Nucleus of Medial Eminence (LAC.FD.HT.PV -> endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin): transport oxytocin secreted in hypothalamus to blood
      • Anterior Median Eminence
      • Posterior Median Eminence
    • Lateral Eminence of Hypophysis
  • Endocrine - pineal gland (endocrine-pineal-gland): control of sexual development
• Endocrine neck (endocrine-neck)
  • Endocrine - thyroid gland (LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> endocrine-thyroid-gland): release thyroid hormones into blood to rise oxygen use and heat production
  • Endocrine - parathyroid gland (LAC.PN.SYM.MCG -> endocrine-parathyroid-gland): release parathyroid hormones into blood to increase in blood calcium levels
• Endocrine body (endocrine-body)
  • Endocrine - pancreas (endocrine-pancreas): release digestive enzymes that act in small intestine to increase rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells
    • Endocrine - pancreas, sympathetic (LAC.PN.SYM.CEG -> endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic): sympathetic, a2: decreases secretion from beta cells, increases secretion from alpha cells, b2: increases secretion from beta cells
    • Endocrine - pancreas, parasympathetic (LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT -> endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic): parasympathetic, stimulates insulin secretion, M3: increases stimulation of alpha cells and beta cells
  • Endocrine - adrenal gland (LAC.PN.SYM.SMG -> endocrine-adrenal-gland): releasing hormones in response to stress
• Endocrine - gonads (endocrine-gonads): release estrogen, progesterone and testosterone hormones to promote maturation of reproductive organs
  • Endocrine - testicle gland (LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> endocrine-testicle-gland): produce androgens, primarily testosterone (growth of muscle mass and strength, regulator of cognitive and physical energy, sperm development
  • Endocrine - ovary gland (LAC.PN.SYM.ARG -> endocrine-ovary-gland): secretes estrogen (maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs), testosterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, and the mammary glands for lactation) and progesterone (promoting menstrual cycle changes in the endometrium

Connectivity

(generated)

Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Reference
FAM	FAM.FD.MHB	Medial Habenula	endocrine-pineal-gland	Habenula Connections (MHb -> PB)
LAC	LAC.FD.HT.AR	Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus	endocrine-adenohypophysis	(unknown reference)
	LAC.FD.HT.PV	Paraventricular Nucleus	endocrine-neurohypophysis-oxytocin	Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (HT.PV -> PUT)
	LAC.FD.HT.SO	Supraoptic Nucleus	endocrine-neurohypophysis-vasopressin	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.PSYM.GUT	Parasympathetic Gut Brain	endocrine-pancreas-muscarinic	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.SYM.ARG	Aorticorenal Ganglion	endocrine-ovary-gland	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.SYM.CEG	Coelic Ganglion	endocrine-pancreas-adrenergic	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.SYM.MCG	Middle Cervical Ganglion	endocrine-parathyroid-gland	(unknown reference)
	LAC.PN.SYM.SMG	Superior Mesenteric Ganglion	endocrine-adrenal-gland	(unknown reference)

Outbound Region Connections:

• no connections

Thirdparty Circuits

(generated)

• Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity - see Reference

map: 
AMY=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM
ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR
DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see Basal Ganglia)
LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
ME=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE
NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
NTS=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL
OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
PBN=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB
PVN=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
VMN=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA

• Habenula Connections - see Reference

map: 
CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
DBB=Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB
DR=Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN
GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia)
IP=Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD
LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see Hypothalamus)
LHb=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see Habenula)
LPO=Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO
MHb=Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB
MR=Superior Central Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.SUC
PB=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE
S=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA

• Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex - see Reference

map: 
ACG=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see Anterior Cingulate Area)
AM=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM
HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation)
HT.L=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see Hypothalamus)
HT.PV=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
INS=Insular Cortex,NC.INS
LC=Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC
MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
PAG=Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG
PB=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB
PUT=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE
SOL=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL
TH=Thalamus,FD.TH

References

(generated)

• http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html
• http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula
• http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp