Latest revision as of 18:34, 28 April 2019

Primary Auditory Cortex

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This page covers biological details of component Primary Auditory Cortex. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

Top-down path to region: Cerebral Cortex -> Temporal Lobe (NC.LOBE.TEMP) -> Transverse Temporal Gyrus (NSA.NC.TTG) -> Primary Auditory Cortex (NSA.NC.TTG.A1) (see Mind Maps)
Type: cortex
Quality: L0
Brain area: Neocortical Brain - Sensory Aggregation Area (NSA)
Area circuit: Neocortical Audition Aggregation (NAA)
Brodmann ID: 41
Role: cortex.sensory.primary
Function: Main topotonic map, extract phonemes
Notes to function:
- Core

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Components

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no child items defined

Connectivity

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NSA.NC.TTG.A1.dot.png

Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Role	Reference
FAM	FAM.FT.AM.BM	Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AM -> AC, abstract)
NSA	NSA.FD.TH.MGB	Medial Geniculate Body	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Thalamocortical relationships (MGN -> pMGN)

Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Role	Reference
LPC	LPC.MM.CIC	Central Nucleus of Inferior Colliculus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AC -> IC, abstract)
NMA	NMA.NC.PMC.F7	Dorsal Rostral Premotor Cortex	feedforward-glu	uncertain	Dual Auditory Processing (A1 -> DLPFC, abstract)
NPE	NPE.NC.IPL.SMW	Supramarginal Wernike Cortex	feedforward-glu	uncertain	Dual Auditory Processing (A1 -> PPC, abstract)
NSA	NSA.NC.STG.A3	Wernicke's area A3	feedforward-glu	uncertain	Cortico-Cortical Connectivity (A1 -> AA)
	NSA.NC.STG.A4	Wernicke's area A4	feedforward-glu	uncertain	Vocal Control (A1 -> Wernike)
	NSA.NC.TTG.A2	Auditory Association Area	feedforward-glu	uncertain	Cortical Auditory System (Core41 -> Belt42)

Thirdparty Circuits

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Cortical Auditory System - see Reference (CP.CORTICAL-AUDITORY-SYSTEM)

AC22=Wernicke's area A4,NSA.NC.STG.A4
Belt42=Auditory Association Area,NSA.NC.TTG.A2
Core41=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
IFC44=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see Lateral Prefrontal Cortex)
IFC45=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see Lateral Prefrontal Cortex)
IPL40=Supramarginal Gyrus,NC.IPL.SMG (see Inferior Parietal Lobule)
PMC6=Ventral Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.VPMC (see Premotor Cortex)
PMC8=Anterior Frontal Eye Field,NPE.NC.PMC.AFEF
STS22=Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3

Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum - see Reference (CP.VISUAL-AUDITORY-INTERACTIONS)

AC=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
AM=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM
CN=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei)
IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
MGB=Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB
OC=Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC
PM=Premotor Cortex,NC.PMC
SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)

Five Parallel Auditory Pathways - see Reference (CP.FIVE-AUDITORY-PATHWAYS)

AC=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
Cochlea=Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR
CochleaGanglion=Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP
DCN=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei)
DNLL=Nuclei of Lateral Lemniscus,LPC.HT.PN.LL
GBC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei)
ICC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
ICx=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
LS=Hippocampal Formation,FMM.FT.HF
LSO=Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC
MC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei)
MGB=Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB
MSO=Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC
OC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei)
SBC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei)
SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
VNLL=Nuclei of Lateral Lemniscus,LPC.HT.PN.LL
VNTB=Superior Olivary Complex,ABA.MM.SOC.TZ

Echo-Location in Bats - see Reference (CP.ECHOLOCATION)

A1=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
SG=Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus,NSA.FD.TH.SG

Dual Auditory Processing - see Reference (CP.DUAL-AUDITORY-PROCESSING)

A1=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
DLPFC=Dorsal Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.DPMC (see Premotor Cortex)
PPC=Supramarginal Gyrus,NC.IPL.SMG (see Inferior Parietal Lobule)
ST=Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3
VLPFC=Ventral Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.VPMC (see Premotor Cortex)

Auditory System Model - see Reference (CP.AUDITORY-SYSTEM-MODEL)

A1=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
Cochlea=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei)
CochleaGanglion=Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP
Ear=Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR
IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
MGB=Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB
Olive=Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC

Auditory System in Brain - see Reference (CP.AUDITORY-SYSTEM-BRAIN)

A1=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
Cochlea=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei)
CochleaGanglion=Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP
Ear=Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR
IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
MGB=Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB
Olive=Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC

Vocal Control - see Reference (CM.VOCAL-CONTROL)

A1=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
Broca=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see Lateral Prefrontal Cortex)
M2=Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC
MotorV=Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM
MotorVII=Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM
NucleusAmbiguus=Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB
NucleusXII=Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG
Premotor24=Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG
RF=Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF
Wernike=Wernicke's area A4,NSA.NC.STG.A4

Thalamocortical relationships - see Reference (CL.THALAMUS-PROJECTIONS)

A=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see Cognitive Thalamus)
CM=Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus,FEC.FD.TH.CM
LD=Lateral Dorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FMM.FD.TH.LD
LGN=Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN
LP=Lateral Posterior Nucleus of Thalamus,NPE.FD.TH.LP
MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see Cognitive Thalamus)
MGN=Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB
P=Ventral Posterior Nuclei,NSA.FD.TH.VP (see Sensory Thalamus)
VA=Ventral Anterior Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VA
VL=Ventral Lateral Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VL
VPL=Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPL
VPM=Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPM
pA=Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG
pCM=Dorsal Putamen,FEC.FT.DPU (see Basal Ganglia)
pLD=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see Anterior Cingulate Area)
pLGN=Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1
pLP=Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL
pMD=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC
pMGN=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
pP=Insular Cortex,NC.INS
pVA=Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC
pVL=Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC
pVPL=Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1
pVPM=Precentral Cortex,NCP.NC.PO.PCC
s1A=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see Hippocampal Formation)
s1MD=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
s1P=Central Cervical Nucleus,LPC.SC.IZ.CCV
s1VL=Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN
s2A=Mammillary Body,FD.MB (see Hypothalamus)
s2MD=Piriform Cortex,NSA.NC.PH.PIR
s2P=Principal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HT.PN.PTR
s2VL=Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG
s3MD=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC
sCM=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia)
sLD=Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL
sLP=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
sVA=Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG
sVPL=Marginal Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.MG (see Posterior/Dorsal Horn)
sVPM=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL

Cortico-Cortical Connectivity - see Reference (CL.CORTICO-CORTICAL-CONNECTIVITY)

A1=Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1
AA=Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3
M1=Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC
MA=Premotor Cortex,NC.PMC
PFC=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC
PTHA=Inferior Parietal Lobule,NC.IPL
S1=Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1
SA=Somatosensory Association Cortex,NCP.NC.SPL.SA
V1=Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1
VA=Secondary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V2 (see Occipital Lobe)

References

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Difference between revisions of "BrainRegionNSA NC TTG A1"

Latest revision as of 18:34, 28 April 2019

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References

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <pre style="color: green">Primary Auditory Cortex</pre>
 @@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaNSA]] -> [[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1]]
@@ Line 7: / Line 6: @@
 Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.
-* '''Top-down path to region''': Cerebral Cortex -> Temporal Lobe (NC.LOBE.TEMP) -> [[BrainCenterNSA_NC_TTG|Transverse Temporal Gyrus]] (NSA.NC.TTG) (NSA.NC.TTG) -> [[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex]] (NSA.NC.TTG.A1) (NSA.NC.TTG.A1) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
+* '''Top-down path to region''': Cerebral Cortex -> Temporal Lobe (NC.LOBE.TEMP) -> [[BrainCenterNSA_NC_TTG|Transverse Temporal Gyrus]] (NSA.NC.TTG) -> [[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex]] (NSA.NC.TTG.A1) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
 * '''Type''': cortex
-* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaNSA|Neocortical Brain - Sensory Aggregation Area]]
+* '''Quality''': L0
+* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaNSA|Neocortical Brain - Sensory Aggregation Area]] (NSA)
+* '''Area circuit''': Neocortical Audition Aggregation (NAA)
 * '''Brodmann ID''': 41
-* '''Role''': processor
+* '''Role''': cortex.sensory.primary
 * '''Function''': Main topotonic map, extract phonemes
-* '''Notes to function''': Core
+* '''Notes to function''':
+** Core
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 = Components =
@@ Line 30: / Line 32: @@
 {| class=wikitable width=80%
-| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
+| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference'''
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM|FAM.FT.AM.BM]] || Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || excitatory-glu || [http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AM -> AC, abstract)]
+| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BM|FAM.FT.AM.BM]] || Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AM -> AC, abstract)]
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaNSA|NSA]] || [[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB|NSA.FD.TH.MGB]] || Medial Geniculate Body || excitatory-glu || [http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ Thalamocortical relationships (MGN -> pMGN)]
+| [[BrainAreaNSA|NSA]] || [[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB|NSA.FD.TH.MGB]] || Medial Geniculate Body || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ Thalamocortical relationships (MGN -> pMGN)]
 |}
@@ Line 40: / Line 42: @@
 {| class=wikitable width=80%
-| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
+| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference'''
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaLPC|LPC]] || [[BrainRegionLPC_MM_CIC|LPC.MM.CIC]] || Central Nucleus of Inferior Colliculus || excitatory-glu || [http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AC -> IC, abstract)]
+| [[BrainAreaLPC|LPC]] || [[BrainRegionLPC_MM_CIC|LPC.MM.CIC]] || Central Nucleus of Inferior Colliculus || excitatory-glu || uncertain || [http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum (AC -> IC, abstract)]
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaNMA|NMA]] || [[BrainRegionNMA_NC_PMC_F7|NMA.NC.PMC.F7]] || Dorsal Rostral Premotor Cortex || feedforward-glu || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ Dual Auditory Processing (A1 -> DLPFC, abstract)]
+| [[BrainAreaNMA|NMA]] || [[BrainRegionNMA_NC_PMC_F7|NMA.NC.PMC.F7]] || Dorsal Rostral Premotor Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ Dual Auditory Processing (A1 -> DLPFC, abstract)]
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaNPE|NPE]] || [[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPL_SMW|NPE.NC.IPL.SMW]] || Supramarginal Wernike Cortex || feedforward-glu || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ Dual Auditory Processing (A1 -> PPC, abstract)]
+| [[BrainAreaNPE|NPE]] || [[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPL_SMW|NPE.NC.IPL.SMW]] || Supramarginal Wernike Cortex || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ Dual Auditory Processing (A1 -> PPC, abstract)]
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaNSA|NSA]] || [[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3|NSA.NC.STG.A3]] || Wernicke's area A3 || feedforward-glu || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810011000080 Cortico-Cortical Connectivity (A1 -> AA)]
+| [[BrainAreaNSA|NSA]] || [[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3|NSA.NC.STG.A3]] || Wernicke's area A3 || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810011000080 Cortico-Cortical Connectivity (A1 -> AA)]
 |-
-|  || [[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A4|NSA.NC.STG.A4]] || Wernicke's area A4 || feedforward-glu || [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00034/full Vocal Control (A1 -> Wernike)]
+|  || [[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A4|NSA.NC.STG.A4]] || Wernicke's area A4 || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00034/full Vocal Control (A1 -> Wernike)]
 |-
-|  || [[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A2|NSA.NC.TTG.A2]] || Auditory Association Area || feedforward-glu || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/fig_tab/nn.2331_F5.html Cortical Auditory System (Core41 -> Belt42)]
+|  || [[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A2|NSA.NC.TTG.A2]] || Auditory Association Area || feedforward-glu || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/fig_tab/nn.2331_F5.html Cortical Auditory System (Core41 -> Belt42)]
 |}
@@ Line 58: / Line 60: @@
 (generated)
-* [http://cdn.f1000r.com.s3.amazonaws.com/manuscripts/1181/d6e9eca8-bb85-4382-8286-723b00f8b36f_figure7.gif Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum] - see [http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Reference]
+* [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/images/nn.2331-F5.jpg Cortical Auditory System] - see [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/fig_tab/nn.2331_F5.html Reference] (CP.CORTICAL-AUDITORY-SYSTEM)
-<img src="http://cdn.f1000r.com.s3.amazonaws.com/manuscripts/1181/d6e9eca8-bb85-4382-8286-723b00f8b36f_figure7.gif" alt="unavailable"height=400width=400>
+ AC22=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A4|Wernicke's area A4,NSA.NC.STG.A4]]
+ Belt42=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A2|Auditory Association Area,NSA.NC.TTG.A2]]
+ Core41=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ IFC44=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
+ IFC45=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
+ IPL40=Supramarginal Gyrus,NC.IPL.SMG (see [[BrainCenterNC_IPL|Inferior Parietal Lobule]])
+ PMC6=Ventral Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.VPMC (see [[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex]])
+ PMC8=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_PMC_AFEF|Anterior Frontal Eye Field,NPE.NC.PMC.AFEF]]
+ STS22=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3|Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/93dc9c466b42f33ebd6a47d33a42313f.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://lifeboat.com/kurzweil/cochlea.gif Five Parallel Auditory Pathways] - see [http://lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns Reference]
+* [http://cdn.f1000r.com.s3.amazonaws.com/manuscripts/1181/d6e9eca8-bb85-4382-8286-723b00f8b36f_figure7.gif Visual-Auditory Interactions in Tectum] - see [http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1 Reference] (CP.VISUAL-AUDITORY-INTERACTIONS)
-<img src="http://lifeboat.com/kurzweil/cochlea.gif" alt="unavailable">
+ AC=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ AM=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
+ CN=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [[BrainCenterHL_SN|Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]])
+ IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ MGB=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB|Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB]]
+ OC=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC|Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC]]
+ PM=[[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex,NC.PMC]]
+ SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/116326cb2eb32664b3d13f928647d94a.gif" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=400 width=400>
-* [http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/1349/fnana-04-00134-HTML/image_m/fnana-04-00134-g001.jpg Echo-Location in Bats] - see [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2010.00134/full Reference]
+* [http://lifeboat.com/kurzweil/cochlea.gif Five Parallel Auditory Pathways] - see [http://lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns Reference] (CP.FIVE-AUDITORY-PATHWAYS)
-<img src="http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/1349/fnana-04-00134-HTML/image_m/fnana-04-00134-g001.jpg" alt="unavailable"height=200width=600>
+ AC=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ Cochlea=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]]
+ CochleaGanglion=[[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP|Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP]]
+ DCN=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [[BrainCenterHL_SN|Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]])
+ DNLL=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_LL|Nuclei of Lateral Lemniscus,LPC.HT.PN.LL]]
+ GBC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [[BrainCenterHL_SN|Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]])
+ ICC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ ICx=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ LS=[[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation,FMM.FT.HF]]
+ LSO=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC|Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC]]
+ MC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [[BrainCenterHL_SN|Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]])
+ MGB=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB|Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB]]
+ MSO=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC|Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC]]
+ OC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [[BrainCenterHL_SN|Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]])
+ SBC=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [[BrainCenterHL_SN|Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]])
+ SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ VNLL=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_LL|Nuclei of Lateral Lemniscus,LPC.HT.PN.LL]]
+ VNTB=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC|Superior Olivary Complex,ABA.MM.SOC.TZ]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/7902050fd521ea92277e2b254a2cc914.gif" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/bin/nihms147975f1.jpg Dual Auditory Processing] - see [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ Reference]
+* [http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/1349/fnana-04-00134-HTML/image_m/fnana-04-00134-g001.jpg Echo-Location in Bats] - see [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2010.00134/full Reference] (CP.ECHOLOCATION)
-<img src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/bin/nihms147975f1.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ A1=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ SG=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_SG|Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus,NSA.FD.TH.SG]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/6aee1b8a74956679d81405437f92cff5.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=200 width=600>
-* [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/images/nn.2331-F5.jpg Cortical Auditory System] - see [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/fig_tab/nn.2331_F5.html Reference]
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/bin/nihms147975f1.jpg Dual Auditory Processing] - see [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/ Reference] (CP.DUAL-AUDITORY-PROCESSING)
-<img src="http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/images/nn.2331-F5.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ A1=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ DLPFC=Dorsal Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.DPMC (see [[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex]])
+ PPC=Supramarginal Gyrus,NC.IPL.SMG (see [[BrainCenterNC_IPL|Inferior Parietal Lobule]])
+ ST=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3|Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3]]
+ VLPFC=Ventral Premotor Cortex,MCA.NC.VPMC (see [[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex]])
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/3f03e49108d60c6251b4123fdd119fa9.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://ars.sciencedirect.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1359644605035427-gr1.jpg Auditory System Model] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644605035427 Reference]
+* [http://ars.sciencedirect.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1359644605035427-gr1.jpg Auditory System Model] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644605035427 Reference] (CP.AUDITORY-SYSTEM-MODEL)
-<img src="http://ars.sciencedirect.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1359644605035427-gr1.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ A1=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ Cochlea=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [[BrainCenterHL_SN|Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]])
+ CochleaGanglion=[[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP|Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP]]
+ Ear=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]]
+ IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ MGB=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB|Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB]]
+ Olive=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC|Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/873bb6a303f8186ca7db47e5906ce290.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/FigVI1.gif Auditory System in Brain] - see [http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd6.html Reference]
+* [http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/FigVI1.gif Auditory System in Brain] - see [http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd6.html Reference] (CP.AUDITORY-SYSTEM-BRAIN)
-<img src="http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/FigVI1.gif" alt="unavailable">
+ A1=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ Cochlea=Cochlear Nucleus,LPC.HL.COCH (see [[BrainCenterHL_SN|Myelencephalic Sensory Nuclei]])
+ CochleaGanglion=[[BrainRegionLPC_PN_SG_SP|Spiral Ganglion,LPC.PN.SG.SP]]
+ Ear=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TSA_EAR|Ear,TARGET.TSA.EAR]]
+ IC=Inferior Colliculus,ABA.MM.IC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ MGB=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB|Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB]]
+ Olive=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_SOC|Superior Olivary Complex,LPC.MM.SOC]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/43041252332b56ca42379c88ed9f1d71.gif" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/10053/fnana-05-00034-r1/image_m/fnana-05-00034-g002.jpg Vocal Control] - see [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00034/full Reference]
+* [http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/10053/fnana-05-00034-r1/image_m/fnana-05-00034-g002.jpg Vocal Control] - see [http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2011.00034/full Reference] (CM.VOCAL-CONTROL)
-<img src="http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/10053/fnana-05-00034-r1/image_m/fnana-05-00034-g002.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ A1=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ Broca=Broca's Area,NPE.NC.PFC.BRA (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
+ M2=[[BrainCenterNMA_NC_SMC|Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC]]
+ MotorV=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_TRM|Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.TRM]]
+ MotorVII=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_FCM|Facial Motor Nucleus,LPC.HT.FCM]]
+ NucleusAmbiguus=[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_AMB|Ambiguus Nucleus,LPC.HL.AMB]]
+ NucleusXII=[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_HYG|Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus,LPC.HL.HYG]]
+ Premotor24=[[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG|Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG]]
+ RF=[[BrainCenterHT_RF|Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF]]
+ Wernike=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A4|Wernicke's area A4,NSA.NC.STG.A4]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/d7ea49d94cfa13f82767b076295ae18c.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp3649_thumb1_thumb.jpg Thalamocortical relationships] - see [http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ Reference]
+* [http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp3649_thumb1_thumb.jpg Thalamocortical relationships] - see [http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ Reference] (CL.THALAMUS-PROJECTIONS)
-<img src="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/tmp3649_thumb1_thumb.jpg" alt="unavailable"height=400width=400>
+ A=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_CR|Cognitive Thalamus]])
+ CM=[[BrainRegionFEC_FD_TH_CM|Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus,FEC.FD.TH.CM]]
+ LD=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_LD|Lateral Dorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FMM.FD.TH.LD]]
+ LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
+ LP=[[BrainRegionNPE_FD_TH_LP|Lateral Posterior Nucleus of Thalamus,NPE.FD.TH.LP]]
+ MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_CR|Cognitive Thalamus]])
+ MGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_TH_MGB|Medial Geniculate Body,NSA.FD.TH.MGB]]
+ P=Ventral Posterior Nuclei,NSA.FD.TH.VP (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_SR|Sensory Thalamus]])
+ VA=[[BrainRegionNMA_FD_TH_VA|Ventral Anterior Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VA]]
+ VL=[[BrainRegionNMA_FD_TH_VL|Ventral Lateral Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VL]]
+ VPL=[[BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_VPL|Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPL]]
+ VPM=[[BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_VPM|Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.VPM]]
+ pA=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_PSCG|Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG]]
+ pCM=Dorsal Putamen,FEC.FT.DPU (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ pLD=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [[BrainCenterNC_ACG|Anterior Cingulate Area]])
+ pLGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_V1|Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1]]
+ pLP=[[BrainCenterNC_SPL|Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL]]
+ pMD=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC
+ pMGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ pP=[[BrainCenterNC_INS|Insular Cortex,NC.INS]]
+ pVA=[[BrainCenterNMA_NC_SMC|Supplementary Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.SMC]]
+ pVL=[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]]
+ pVPL=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PG_S1|Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1]]
+ pVPM=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PO_PCC|Precentral Cortex,NCP.NC.PO.PCC]]
+ s1A=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
+ s1MD=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
+ s1P=[[BrainRegionLPC_SC_IZ_CCV|Central Cervical Nucleus,LPC.SC.IZ.CCV]]
+ s1VL=[[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_DN|Dentate Nucleus,LLC.HT.CR.DN]]
+ s2A=Mammillary Body,FD.MB (see [[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus]])
+ s2MD=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_PH_PIR|Piriform Cortex,NSA.NC.PH.PIR]]
+ s2P=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PN_PTR|Principal Trigeminal Nucleus,LPC.HT.PN.PTR]]
+ s2VL=[[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG]]
+ s3MD=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC
+ sCM=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ sLD=[[BrainCenterNC_SPL|Superior Parietal Lobule,NC.SPL]]
+ sLP=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ sVA=[[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG]]
+ sVPL=Marginal Nucleus,LPC.SC.PH.MG (see [[BrainCenterBMA_SC_PH|Posterior/Dorsal Horn]])
+ sVPM=[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/6cd03b9a92afacafcc8c5b57cffed472.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;" height=400 width=400>
-* [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1053810011000080-gr3.jpg Cortico-Cortical Connectivity] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810011000080 Reference]
+* [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1053810011000080-gr3.jpg Cortico-Cortical Connectivity] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810011000080 Reference] (CL.CORTICO-CORTICAL-CONNECTIVITY)
-<img src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1053810011000080-gr3.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ A1=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_TTG_A1|Primary Auditory Cortex,NSA.NC.TTG.A1]]
+ AA=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3|Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3]]
+ M1=[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]]
+ MA=[[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex,NC.PMC]]
+ PFC=Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.PFC
+ PTHA=[[BrainCenterNC_IPL|Inferior Parietal Lobule,NC.IPL]]
+ S1=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_PG_S1|Primary Somatosensory Cortex,NCP.NC.PG.S1]]
+ SA=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_SPL_SA|Somatosensory Association Cortex,NCP.NC.SPL.SA]]
+ V1=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_OCC_V1|Primary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V1]]
+ VA=Secondary Visual Cortex,NSA.NC.OCC.V2 (see [[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe]])
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/df75e61c2e90c60db0f2204bcedbc309.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
@@ Line 102: / Line 219: @@
 (generated)
+* http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/fig_tab/nn.2331_F5.html
 * http://f1000research.com/articles/2-20/v1
 * http://lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns
 * http://www.frontiersin.org/neuroanatomy/10.3389/fnana.2010.00134/full
 * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846110/
-* http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v12/n6/fig_tab/nn.2331_F5.html
 * http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644605035427
 * http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd6.html