Modulatory Contol Area

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Local Circuits

(generated)

|| ID || Name || Regions || || 5HT || Serotonin - Feelings of Well-Being and Happiness || LMC.HM.RP.MG, LMC.HM.RP.OB, LMC.HM.RP.PL, LMC.HP.RP.PRN, LMC.MM.RF.SUC, LMC.MM.RP.DRN || || ACH || Acetylcholine - PNS Actions and CNS plasticity, arousal and reward || LMC.FT.NBM, LMC.HP.TG.DTG, LMC.HP.TG.LDT, LMC.HP.TG.VTG || || DA || Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness || LMC.MM.VTA || || ENK || Enkephalin - Regulating Nociception in Body || LMC.MM.PAG || || NE || Norepinephrine - Vigilant Concentration, Stress Hormone, Fight-or-Flight Response || LMC.HP.LC ||

Serotonin - Feelings of Well-Being and Happiness

unavailable

|| Component ID || Component Name || Type || Service || Function || Comments || || LMC.HM.RP.MG || Raphe Magnus Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Inhubit head and spinal pain || B3, contacts with enkephalenic neurons in
substantia gelatinosa || || LMC.HM.RP.OB || Raphe Obscurus Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulate cardiovascular function via sympathetic spinal column || B2 || || LMC.HM.RP.PL || Raphe Pallidus Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Spinal pain control || B1 || || LMC.HP.RP.PRN || Pontine Raphe Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulation of sleep cycle || Projects to CR, forebrain; inhibitory nucleus || || LMC.MM.RF.SUC || Superior Central Raphe Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Block or temporarily suspend mnemonic processes in the hippocampus;
Hallucinations || Directs HC to disregard insignificant events;
inhibitory nucleus; B6,B8; Insomnia; inhibitory
nucleus || || LMC.MM.RP.DRN || Dorsal Raphe Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulation of sleep and mood || Major source of 5HT; inhibitory nucleus ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| Source Area || Local Region || Source Region || Source Name || Type || Reference || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || LMC.MM.RF.SUC || FAM.FD.LHB.MED || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || [Connections (LHb -> MR, abstract)] || || || LMC.MM.RP.DRN || FAM.FD.LHB.MED || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || [Connections (LHb -> DR, abstract)] || || LAC || LMC.HM.RP.MG || LAC.FD.HT.LTN || Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.FD.HT.PV || Paraventricular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HM.RP.OB || LAC.FD.HT.PO || Preoptic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LLC || LMC.HM.RP.MG || LLC.MM.SCNF || Subcuneiform Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.RP.PRN || LLC.MM.SCNF || Subcuneiform Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.MM.RP.DRN || LLC.FD.TH.SF || Subfascicular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || (unknown reference) || || LMC || LMC.HM.RP.MG || LMC.MM.PAG || Periaqueductal Gray Matter || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HM.RP.PL || LMC.MM.PAG || Periaqueductal Gray Matter || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| Target Area || Local Region || Target Region || Target Name || Type || Reference || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || LMC.MM.RF.SUC || FAM.FD.LHB.LT || Lateral Habenula Lateral Part || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.SEP.LT || Lateral Septal Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || FEC || LMC.MM.RF.SUC || FEC.FD.STN.ICD || Subthalamic Nucleus Internal Caudal || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || FMM || LMC.MM.RF.SUC || FMM.FD.MB.MMB || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || LAC || LMC.MM.RF.SUC || LAC.FD.HT.PN || Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.FD.HT.SUM || Supramammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || LLC || LMC.HM.RP.OB || LLC.HP.CR.SC || Spinocerebellum || nucleus-allocortex-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.RP.PRN || LLC.HP.CR.SC || Spinocerebellum || nucleus-allocortex-5HT || (unknown reference) || || LPC || LMC.HM.RP.MG || LPC.SC.PH.LSG || Lower Substantia Gelatinosa || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || || LPC.SC.PH.USG || Upper Substantia Gelatinosa || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HM.RP.OB || LPC.SC.IZ.IMM || Intermediomedial Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HM.RP.PL || LPC.SC.PH.LMG || Lower Marginal Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || || LPC.SC.PH.UMG || Upper Marginal Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.MM.RP.DRN || LPC.FD.TH.PV || Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-5HT || (unknown reference) ||

Acetylcholine - PNS Actions and CNS plasticity, arousal and reward

unavailable

|| Component ID || Component Name || Type || Service || Function || Comments || || LMC.FT.NBM || Basal Nucleus of Meynert || nucleus || FAU || Control imagination vs perception || ACh source, attention; modulatory nucleus || || LMC.HP.TG.DTG || Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || accurate landmark navigation || vestibular sensory information to mammllary bodies
for orientation || || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || Modulating sustained attention or in mediating alerting responses || sleep, waking, motor function, learning and reward || || LMC.HP.TG.VTG || Ventral Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus || LUS || moderates hippocampal-driven rhythmic firing frequency in medial mammillary || contribute to episodic memory and new learning in
humans as well as spatial memory ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| Source Area || Local Region || Source Region || Source Name || Type || Reference || || Cortical || || || || || || || NSA || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || NSA.FD.TH.SG || Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus || [Direction Cell Circuit (SUPGEN -> DTN)] || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || LMC.FT.NBM || FAM.FT.AM.AB || Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.AM.BP || Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.AM.CEM || Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.BNST || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.DTG || FAM.FD.LHB.MED || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || FAM.HP.PPN.RMTG || Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.VTG || FAM.FD.LHB.MED || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || FEC || LMC.FT.NBM || FEC.FD.STN.CD || Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || FEC.FT.ACC.SH || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || [basal ganglia circuit (NACC -> nBM, abstract)] || || FMM || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || FMM.FD.MB.LMB || Lateral Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || [Direction Cell Circuit (LMB -> DTN)] || || LRC || LMC.HP.TG.DTG || LRC.HM.NPH || Prepositus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| Target Area || Local Region || Target Region || Target Name || Type || Reference || || Cortical || || || || || || || NDM || LMC.FT.NBM || NDM.NC.AL.FPC || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-ACh || [and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (NBM -> MPFC, abstract)] || || NSA || LMC.FT.NBM || NSA.NC.OCC.V1 || Primary Visual Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-ACh || (unknown reference) || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || LMC.FT.NBM || FAM.FT.AM.BM || Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || FAM.HP.PPN.IPD || Interpeduncular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || [Direction Cell Circuit (DTN -> IPD)] || || FMM || LMC.HP.TG.DTG || FMM.FD.MB.LMB || Lateral Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || (unknown reference) || || || LMC.HP.TG.VTG || FMM.FD.MB.MMB || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LAC || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || LAC.HM.SAL.ISL || Inferior Salivatory Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.HM.SAL.SSL || Superior Salivatory Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || (unknown reference) || || LMC || LMC.HP.TG.VTG || LMC.MM.VTA || Ventral Tegmental Area || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LRC || LMC.HP.TG.LDT || LRC.HM.NPH || Prepositus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ACh || [Direction Cell Circuit (DTN -> NPRP)] ||

Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness

unavailable

|| Component ID || Component Name || Type || Service || Function || Comments || || LMC.MM.VTA || Ventral Tegmental Area || nucleus || LUS || Respond to novel stimuli, unexpected rewards, and reward predictive sensory cues || ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| Source Area || Local Region || Source Region || Source Name || Type || Reference || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || LMC.MM.VTA || FAM.FT.BNST || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || FEC || LMC.MM.VTA || FEC.FT.ACC.CORE || Nucleus Accumbens Core || nucleus-nucleus-gaba || [circuit of human brain (NACC -> VTA, abstract)] || || LMC || LMC.MM.VTA || LMC.HP.TG.VTG || Ventral Tegmental Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| Target Area || Local Region || Target Region || Target Name || Type || Reference || || Cortical || || || || || || || NDM || LMC.MM.VTA || NDM.NC.AL.DACG || Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area || nucleus-neocortex-DA || (unknown reference) || || || || NDM.NC.AL.FPC || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-DA || [circuit of human brain (VTA -> PFC, abstract)] || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || LMC.MM.VTA || FAM.FT.AM.CEC || Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [circuit of human brain (VTA -> AM, abstract)] || || FEC || LMC.MM.VTA || FEC.FT.ACC.SH || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [(VTA -> NACC, abstract)] || || FMM || LMC.MM.VTA || FMM.FD.MB.MMB || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)] || || || || FMM.FT.HC.CA1D || Distal CA1 of Hippocampus || nucleus-allocortex-DA || [circuit of human brain (VTA -> HC, abstract)] || || || || FMM.NC.PH.LEC || Lateral Entorhinal Cortex || nucleus-neocortex-DA || [Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VTA -> EC, abstract)] || || LAC || LMC.MM.VTA || LAC.FD.HT.PO || Preoptic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> MPOA)] || || || || LAC.FD.HT.PRM || Premammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.FD.HT.PV || Paraventricular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-DA || [and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> PVN)] ||

Enkephalin - Regulating Nociception in Body

unavailable

|| Component ID || Component Name || Type || Service || Function || Comments || || LMC.MM.PAG || Periaqueductal Gray Matter || nucleus || LUS || Descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour || if there is a lesion in the PAG, then consciousness
is lost; electrical stimulation of the PAG results
in immediate and profound analgesia; modulatory
nucleus ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| Source Area || Local Region || Source Region || Source Name || Type || Reference || || Cortical || || || || || || || NCP || LMC.MM.PAG || NCP.NC.AL.SGCG || Subgenual Cingulate Cortex || neocortex-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || LMC.MM.PAG || FAM.FT.AM.CEM || Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || [disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> PAG, abstract)] || || LAC || LMC.MM.PAG || LAC.FD.HT.VM || Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| Target Area || Local Region || Target Region || Target Name || Type || Reference || || Subcortical || || || || || || || LAC || LMC.MM.PAG || LAC.HP.BR || Barrington's Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || [overview of spinobulbospinal micturition reflex pathway (PAG -> BAR)] || || LLC || LMC.MM.PAG || LLC.FD.TH.SF || Subfascicular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || LMC || LMC.MM.PAG || LMC.HM.RP.MG || Raphe Magnus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || || || LMC.HM.RP.PL || Raphe Pallidus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || LPC || LMC.MM.PAG || LPC.FD.TH.PV || Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || || || LPC.HM.AMB || Ambiguus Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || LRC || LMC.MM.PAG || LRC.HM.RA || Retroambigualis Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) || || || || LRC.HP.PN.SC || Nucleus Subceruleus || nucleus-nucleus-ENK || (unknown reference) ||

Norepinephrine - Vigilant Concentration, Stress Hormone, Fight-or-Flight Response

unavailable

|| Component ID || Component Name || Type || Service || Function || Comments || || LMC.HP.LC || Locus Coeruleus || nucleus || LUS || Regulate the intensity of responses to salient stimuli || NE Source, enhance signal-to-noise ratio,
suppressing irrelevant stimuli (lateral
inhibition); inhibitory nucleus ||

Internal Region Connections:*
no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:*

|| Source Area || Local Region || Source Region || Source Name || Type || Reference || || Cortical || || || || || || || NDM || LMC.HP.LC || NDM.NC.AL.VACG || Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area || neocortex-nucleus || [Control (Premotor24 -> RF, abstract)] || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || LMC.HP.LC || FAM.FT.BNST || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LAC || LMC.HP.LC || LAC.FD.HT.DM || Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || || || LAC.FD.HT.TBM || Tuberomammillary Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) || || LRC || LMC.HP.LC || LRC.HM.RF.MED || Central Medullary Reticular Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus || (unknown reference) ||

External Outbound Region Connections:*

|| Target Area || Local Region || Target Region || Target Name || Type || Reference || || Subcortical || || || || || || || FAM || LMC.HP.LC || FAM.FD.MHB || Medial Habenula || nucleus-nucleus-NE || (unknown reference) || || || || FAM.FT.SEP.DBB || Diagonal Band of Broca || nucleus-nucleus-NE || (unknown reference) || || FEC || LMC.HP.LC || FEC.FT.SNC.MED || Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Medial || nucleus-nucleus-NE || (unknown reference) || || LAC || LMC.HP.LC || LAC.SC.IZ.IML || Intermediolateral Nucleus || nucleus-nucleus-NE || [and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (LC -> IML)] ||