BrainAreaLMC

Modulatory Contol Area

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Local Circuits

(generated)

ID	Name	Regions
5HT	Serotonin - Feelings of Well-Being and Happiness	LMC.HL.RP.MG, LMC.HL.RP.OB, LMC.HL.RP.PL, LMC.HP.RP.LI, LMC.HP.RP.PRN, LMC.MM.RF.SUC, LMC.MM.RP.DRN
ACH	Acetylcholine - PNS Actions and CNS plasticity, arousal and reward	LMC.FT.NBM, LMC.HT.TG.DTG, LMC.HT.TG.LDT
DA	Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness	LMC.MM.VTA
ENK	Enkephalin - Regulating Nociception in Body	LMC.MM.PAG
NE	Norepinephrine - Vigilant Concentration, Stress Hormone, Fight-or-Flight Response	LMC.HT.LC

Serotonin - Feelings of Well-Being and Happiness

Component ID	Component Name	Type	Service	Function	Comments
LMC.HL.RP.MG	Raphe Magnus Nucleus	nucleus	LUS	Inhubit head and spinal pain	B3, contacts with enkephalenic neurons in substantia gelatinosa
LMC.HL.RP.OB	Raphe Obscurus Nucleus	nucleus	LUS	Regulate cardiovascular function via sympathetic spinal column	B2
LMC.HL.RP.PL	Raphe Pallidus Nucleus	nucleus	LUS	Spinal pain control	B1
LMC.HP.RP.LI	Raphe Nucleus Linearis	nucleus	LUS	Release of 5-HT was only obtained on stimulation of this nucleus	B8, Does not project to CR, but to forebrain, to dorsal raphe nucleus (lies above DRN); dendrites to vascular plexus, maybe sensing blood pressure
LMC.HP.RP.PRN	Pontine Raphe Nucleus	nucleus	LUS	Regulation of sleep cycle	Projects to CR, forebrain; inhibitory nucleus
LMC.MM.RF.SUC	Superior Central Raphe Nucleus	nucleus	LUS	Block or temporarily suspend mnemonic processes in the hippocampus; Hallucinations	Directs HC to disregard insignificant events; inhibitory nucleus; B6,B8; Insomnia; inhibitory nucleus
LMC.MM.RP.DRN	Dorsal Raphe Nucleus	nucleus	LUS	Regulation of sleep and mood	Major source of 5HT; inhibitory nucleus

Internal Region Connections:

Source Region	Target Region	Type	Reference
LMC.HP.RP.LI	LMC.MM.RP.DRN	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)

External Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Local Region	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Reference
Subcortical
FAM	LMC.HL.RP.MG	FAM.FD.LHB.MED	Lateral Habenula Medial Part	nucleus-nucleus	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHbM -> MRN, abstract)
	LMC.MM.RF.SUC	FAM.FD.LHB.MED	Lateral Habenula Medial Part	nucleus-nucleus	Habenula Connections (LHb -> MR, abstract)
	LMC.MM.RP.DRN	FAM.FD.LHB.MED	Lateral Habenula Medial Part	nucleus-nucleus	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHbM -> DRN)
FEC	LMC.HL.RP.MG	FEC.HT.PPN.IPD	Interpeduncular Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	Connectivity map of the habenula (IPN -> Raphe, abstract)
		FEC.HT.PPN.RMTG	Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (RMTg -> MRN, abstract)
	LMC.MM.RP.DRN	FEC.HT.PPN.IPD	Interpeduncular Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> DRN)
		FEC.HT.PPN.RMTG	Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (RMTg -> DRN)
LAC	LMC.HL.RP.MG	LAC.FD.HT.LTN	Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
		LAC.FD.HT.PV	Paraventricular Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
	LMC.HL.RP.OB	LAC.FD.HT.PO	Preoptic Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
LLC	LMC.HL.RP.MG	LLC.MM.SCNF	Subcuneiform Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
	LMC.HP.RP.PRN	LLC.MM.SCNF	Subcuneiform Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
	LMC.MM.RP.DRN	LLC.FD.TH.SF	Subfascicular Nucleus of Thalamus	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	(unknown reference)
LMC	LMC.HL.RP.MG	LMC.MM.PAG	Periaqueductal Gray Matter	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	Connectivity map of the habenula (PAG -> Raphe, abstract)
	LMC.HL.RP.PL	LMC.MM.PAG	Periaqueductal Gray Matter	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	Connectivity map of the habenula (PAG -> Raphe, abstract)

External Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Local Region	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Reference
Subcortical
FAM	LMC.MM.RF.SUC	FAM.FT.SEP.LT	Lateral Septal Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
FEC	LMC.MM.RF.SUC	FEC.FD.STN.ICD	Subthalamic Nucleus Internal Caudal	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
FMM	LMC.MM.RF.SUC	FMM.FD.MB.MMB	Medial Mammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
LAC	LMC.MM.RF.SUC	LAC.FD.HT.PN	Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
		LAC.FD.HT.SUM	Supramammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
LLC	LMC.HL.RP.OB	LLC.HT.CR.SC	Spinocerebellum	nucleus-allocortex-5HT	(unknown reference)
	LMC.HP.RP.PRN	LLC.HT.CR.SC	Spinocerebellum	nucleus-allocortex-5HT	(unknown reference)
LPC	LMC.HL.RP.MG	LPC.SC.PH.LSG	Lower Substantia Gelatinosa	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
		LPC.SC.PH.USG	Upper Substantia Gelatinosa	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
	LMC.HL.RP.OB	LPC.SC.IZ.IMM	Intermediomedial Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
	LMC.HL.RP.PL	LPC.SC.PH.LMG	Lower Marginal Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
		LPC.SC.PH.UMG	Upper Marginal Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)
	LMC.MM.RP.DRN	LPC.FD.TH.PV	Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus	nucleus-nucleus-5HT	(unknown reference)

Acetylcholine - PNS Actions and CNS plasticity, arousal and reward

Component ID	Component Name	Type	Service	Function	Comments
LMC.FT.NBM	Basal Nucleus of Meynert	nucleus	FAU	Control imagination vs perception	ACh source, attention; modulatory nucleus
LMC.HT.TG.DTG	Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus	nucleus	LUS	accurate landmark navigation	vestibular sensory information to mammllary bodies for orientation
LMC.HT.TG.LDT	Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus	nucleus	LUS	Modulating sustained attention or in mediating alerting responses	sleep, waking, motor function, learning and reward

Internal Region Connections:

• no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Local Region	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Reference
Cortical
NSA	LMC.HT.TG.LDT	NSA.FD.TH.SG	Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
Subcortical
FAM	LMC.FT.NBM	FAM.FT.AM.AB	Accessory Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
		FAM.FT.AM.BP	Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
		FAM.FT.AM.CEM	Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
		FAM.FT.BNST	Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
	LMC.HT.TG.DTG	FAM.FD.LHB.MED	Lateral Habenula Medial Part	nucleus-nucleus	Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection (LHbM -> DTG)
FEC	LMC.FT.NBM	FEC.FD.STN.CD	Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
		FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Nucleus Accumbens Shell	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	Affective basal ganglia circuit (NACC -> nBM, abstract)
	LMC.HT.TG.DTG	FEC.HT.PPN.IPD	Interpeduncular Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	Head Direction Cell Circuit (IPD -> DTN)
	LMC.HT.TG.LDT	FEC.HT.PPN.RMTG	Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	(unknown reference)
FMM	LMC.HT.TG.LDT	FMM.FD.MB.LMB	Lateral Mammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	Hippocampal Formation (LMam -> DTN)
LRC	LMC.HT.TG.DTG	LRC.HL.NPH	Prepositus Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)

External Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Local Region	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Reference
Cortical
NDM	LMC.FT.NBM	NDM.NC.AL.FPC	Lateral Frontopolar Cortex	nucleus-neocortex-ACh	Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (NBM -> MPFC, abstract)
NSA	LMC.FT.NBM	NSA.NC.OCC.V1	Primary Visual Cortex	nucleus-neocortex-ACh	(unknown reference)
	LMC.HT.TG.DTG	NSA.FD.TH.SG	Suprageniculate Nucleus of Thalamus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	Head Direction Cell Circuit (DTN -> SUPGEN)
Subcortical
FAM	LMC.FT.NBM	FAM.FT.AM.BM	Magnocellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	(unknown reference)
FEC	LMC.HT.TG.LDT	FEC.HT.PPN.IPD	Interpeduncular Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	(unknown reference)
FMM	LMC.HT.TG.DTG	FMM.FD.MB.LMB	Lateral Mammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	(unknown reference)
LAC	LMC.HT.TG.LDT	LAC.HL.SAL.ISL	Inferior Salivatory Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	(unknown reference)
		LAC.HL.SAL.SSL	Superior Salivatory Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	(unknown reference)
LRC	LMC.HT.TG.LDT	LRC.HL.NPH	Prepositus Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	(unknown reference)

Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness

Component ID	Component Name	Type	Service	Function	Comments
LMC.MM.VTA	Ventral Tegmental Area	nucleus	LUS	Respond to novel stimuli, unexpected rewards, and reward predictive sensory cues

Internal Region Connections:

• no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Local Region	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Reference
Subcortical
FAM	LMC.MM.VTA	FAM.FD.LHB.MED	Lateral Habenula Medial Part	nucleus-nucleus	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHbM -> VTA)
		FAM.FT.BNST	Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
FEC	LMC.MM.VTA	FEC.FT.ACC.CORE	Nucleus Accumbens Core	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	Reward circuit of human brain (NACC -> VTA, abstract)
		FEC.FT.VP.VM	Ventral Pallidum Ventromedial	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	Craving (VPAL -> VTA, abstract)
		FEC.HT.PPN.IPD	Interpeduncular Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> VTA)
		FEC.HT.PPN.RMTG	Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-gaba	Amygdala and its network (RMTG -> VTA)

External Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Local Region	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Reference
Cortical
NDM	LMC.MM.VTA	NDM.NC.AL.DACG	Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area	nucleus-neocortex-DA	(unknown reference)
		NDM.NC.AL.FPC	Lateral Frontopolar Cortex	nucleus-neocortex-DA	Amygdala and its network (VTA -> MPFC, abstract)
Subcortical
FAM	LMC.MM.VTA	FAM.FT.AM.CEC	Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision	nucleus-nucleus-DA	Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> AM, abstract)
FEC	LMC.MM.VTA	FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Nucleus Accumbens Shell	nucleus-nucleus-DA	Craving (VTA -> NACC, abstract)
FMM	LMC.MM.VTA	FMM.FD.MB.MMB	Medial Mammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-DA	Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)
		FMM.FT.HC.CA1D	Distal CA1 of Hippocampus	nucleus-allocortex-DA	Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> HC, abstract)
		FMM.NC.PH.LEC	Lateral Entorhinal Cortex	nucleus-neocortex-DA	Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VTA -> EC, abstract)
LAC	LMC.MM.VTA	LAC.FD.HT.PO	Preoptic Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-DA	Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> MPOA)
		LAC.FD.HT.PRM	Premammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-DA	(unknown reference)
		LAC.FD.HT.PV	Paraventricular Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-DA	Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> PVN)

Enkephalin - Regulating Nociception in Body

Component ID	Component Name	Type	Service	Function	Comments
LMC.MM.PAG	Periaqueductal Gray Matter	nucleus	LUS	Descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour	if there is a lesion in the PAG, then consciousness is lost; electrical stimulation of the PAG results in immediate and profound analgesia; modulatory nucleus

Internal Region Connections:

• no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Local Region	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Reference
Cortical
NCP	LMC.MM.PAG	NCP.NC.AL.SGCG	Subgenual Cingulate Cortex	neocortex-nucleus	(unknown reference)
Subcortical
FAM	LMC.MM.PAG	FAM.FT.AM.CEM	Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> PAG, abstract)
FEC	LMC.MM.PAG	FEC.HT.PPN.IPD	Interpeduncular Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ACh	Connectivity map of the habenula (IPN -> PAG)
LAC	LMC.MM.PAG	LAC.FD.HT.VM	Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)

External Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Local Region	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Reference
Subcortical
LAC	LMC.MM.PAG	LAC.HT.BR	Barrington's Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	Schematic overview of spinobulbospinal micturition reflex pathway (PAG -> BAR)
LLC	LMC.MM.PAG	LLC.FD.TH.SF	Subfascicular Nucleus of Thalamus	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	(unknown reference)
LMC	LMC.MM.PAG	LMC.HL.RP.MG	Raphe Magnus Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	Connectivity map of the habenula (PAG -> Raphe, abstract)
		LMC.HL.RP.PL	Raphe Pallidus Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	Connectivity map of the habenula (PAG -> Raphe, abstract)
LPC	LMC.MM.PAG	LPC.FD.TH.PV	Paraventricular Nucleus of Thalamus	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	(unknown reference)
		LPC.HL.AMB	Ambiguus Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	(unknown reference)
LRC	LMC.MM.PAG	LRC.HL.RA	Retroambigualis Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	(unknown reference)
		LRC.HT.NSC	Nucleus Subceruleus	nucleus-nucleus-ENK	(unknown reference)

Norepinephrine - Vigilant Concentration, Stress Hormone, Fight-or-Flight Response

Component ID	Component Name	Type	Service	Function	Comments
LMC.HT.LC	Locus Coeruleus	nucleus	LUS	Regulate the intensity of responses to salient stimuli	NE Source, enhance signal-to-noise ratio, suppressing irrelevant stimuli (lateral inhibition); inhibitory nucleus

Internal Region Connections:

• no connections

External Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Local Region	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Reference
Cortical
NDM	LMC.HT.LC	NDM.NC.AL.VACG	Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area	neocortex-nucleus	(unknown reference)
Subcortical
FAM	LMC.HT.LC	FAM.FT.AM.CEM	Medial Central Amygdaloid Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex (AM -> LC, abstract)
		FAM.FT.BNST	Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
LAC	LMC.HT.LC	LAC.FD.HT.DM	Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
		LAC.FD.HT.TBM	Tuberomammillary Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)
LRC	LMC.HT.LC	LRC.HL.RF.MED	Central Medullary Reticular Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus	(unknown reference)

External Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Local Region	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Reference
Subcortical
FAM	LMC.HT.LC	FAM.FD.MHB	Medial Habenula	nucleus-nucleus-NE	Contribution of nAChR subunits to nicotine withdrawal symptoms (LC -> MHB)
		FAM.FT.SEP.DBB	Diagonal Band of Broca	nucleus-nucleus-NE	(unknown reference)
FEC	LMC.HT.LC	FEC.FT.SNC.MED	Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Medial	nucleus-nucleus-NE	(unknown reference)
LAC	LMC.HT.LC	LAC.SC.IZ.IML	Intermediolateral Nucleus	nucleus-nucleus-NE	Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (LC -> IML)

Thirdparty Circuits

(generated)

• Habenula Connections - see Reference

• Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection - see Reference

• Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract - see Reference

• Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems - see Reference

• Connectivity map of the habenula - see Reference

• Amygdala and its network - see Reference

• Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one - see Reference

• Amygdalar disruption of prefrontal cortex - see Reference

• Regulation of Social Brain - see Reference

• Medial mammillary nucleus and theta rhythm - see Reference

• Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning - see Reference

• Oculomotor decision-making - see Reference

• Reward circuit of human brain - see Reference

• Craving - see Reference

• Schematic overview of spinobulbospinal micturition reflex pathway - see Reference

• Pain matrix - see Reference

• Hippocampal Formation - see Reference

• Head Direction Cell Circuit - see Reference

• Contribution of nAChR subunits to nicotine withdrawal symptoms - see Reference

• Basal Nucleus of Meynert - see Reference

• Affective basal ganglia circuit - see Reference

References

(generated)

• http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula
• http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full
• http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders
• http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html
• http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633
• http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin
• http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html
• http://neuropolitics.org/defaultmay10.asp
• http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc
• http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F4.html
• http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html
• http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0
• http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity
• http://jp.physoc.org/content/557/1/287/F9.expansion.html
• http://www.springerimages.com/Images/MedicineAndPublicHealth/1-10.1007_s10194-006-0307-1-0
• article:2009-Hippocampus-Thesis.pdf
• http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Head_direction_cells
• http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n6/fig_tab/nrn2849_F7.html
• article:Biological/2005-The-Human-Nervous-System.pdf
• http://www.expertsmind.com/topic/emotion/affective-basal-ganglia-circuit-93570.aspx