Latest revision as of 18:26, 28 April 2019

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral

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This page covers biological details of component Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

Top-down path to region: Forebrain Telencephalon -> Basal Ganglia (FEC.FT.BG) -> Substantia Nigra (FEC.FT.SN) -> Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (FEC.FT.SNC) -> Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral (FEC.FT.SNC.LT) (see Mind Maps)
Type: nucleus
Quality: L0
Brain area: Forebrain - Execution Control Area (FEC)
Area circuit: Executive/Cognitive Loop (FECEXE)
Role: basal.ganglia.nigracompacta
Function: executive loop
Notes to function:
- DP, dorsal circuits

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Components

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no child items defined

Connectivity

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FEC.FT.SNC.LT.dot.png

Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area	Source Region	Source Name	Type	Role	Reference
FAM	FAM.FD.LHB.MED	Lateral Habenula Medial Part	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Habenula Connections (LHb -> SNc, abstract)
FEC	FEC.FT.CN.HD	Caudate Nucleus Head	inhibitory-gaba	uncertain	Saccades and smooth movements (CN -> SN, abstract)
	FEC.FT.GPI.DS	Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsal	inhibitory-gaba	uncertain	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (GP -> SN, abstract)
	FEC.FT.SNR.DL	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral	inhibitory-gaba	uncertain	Oculomotor decision-making (SNr -> SNc)
	FEC.FT.SNR.RM	Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Rostromedial	inhibitory-gaba	uncertain	(unknown reference)
	FEC.HT.TG.IPD	Interpeduncular Nucleus	modulatory-ach	uncertain	Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> SNc, abstract)
LRC	LRC.MM.SC.DEEP	Deep Superior Colliculus	excitatory-glu	uncertain	Global visual system (SCi -> SNc, abstract)

Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area	Target Region	Target Name	Type	Role	Reference
FEC	FEC.FT.ACC.SH	Nucleus Accumbens Shell	modulatory-da	uncertain	Connectivity map of the habenula (SNc -> CPu, abstract)
	FEC.FT.PU.LT	Dorsal Putamen Lateral	modulatory-da	uncertain	Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (SNC -> PU)
	FEC.FT.PU.MED	Dorsal Putamen Medial	modulatory-da	uncertain	Connectivity map of the habenula (SNc -> CPu, abstract)
LLC	LLC.HT.CR.CC	Cerebellar Lateral Lobe	modulatory-da	uncertain	Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (SN -> CR, abstract)
	LLC.MM.RD.MG	Magnocellular Part of Red Nucleus	modulatory-da	uncertain	(unknown reference)

Thirdparty Circuits

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Saccadic Vision - see Reference (CP.SACCADIC-VISION)

BG=Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG
CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see Basal Ganglia)
CR=Cerebellum,LLC.HT.CR (see Cerebellar Complex)
FrontalCortex=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see Basal Ganglia)
LGN=Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN
LIP=Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP
RF=Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF
Retina=Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT
SCi=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
SCs=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
SNpr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL
STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see Subthalamus Area)
Thalamus=Thalamus,FD.TH
VisualCortex=Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC

Summary of the organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pedunculopontine nucleus in lamprey - see Reference (CM.SN-PPN)

GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see Basal Ganglia)
GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia)
PPN=Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see Basal Ganglia)
SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata,FEC.FT.SNR (see Basal Ganglia)
STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see Subthalamus Area)

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior - see Reference (CM.PFC-MOTOR)

CN.PU=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
CR=Cerebellar Complex,LLC.HT.CRC
GP=Globus Pallidus,FEC.FT.GP (see Basal Ganglia)
LPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see Lateral Prefrontal Cortex)
MC=Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC
PMC=Premotor Cortex,NC.PMC
PN=Pontine Nuclear Complex,HT.PN (see Metencephalic Sensory Nuclei)
SN=Substantia Nigra,FEC.FT.SN (see Basal Ganglia)
TH=Ventral Thalamus,FD.TH.VTH (see Motor Thalamus)

Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract - see Reference (CM.ONUF)

CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see Basal Ganglia)
DVM=Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN
IMG=Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG
IML=Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML
LC=Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC
MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
MPOA=Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO
NBM=Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM
ONF=Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF
PBN=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB
PEL=Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG
PU=Dorsal Putamen Lateral,FEC.FT.PU.LT
PVN=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
SNC=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT
SPS=Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA
ZI=Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal,BGA.FD.STN.ZI

Connectivity map of the habenula - see Reference (CF.HB-CONN)

CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
EP=Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF
Hippo=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation)
IPN=Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD
L=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see Habenula)
LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
M=Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB
NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
PAG=Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG
Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see Medullary Reticular Formation)
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see Basal Ganglia)
Septum=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA

Oculomotor decision-making - see Reference (CP.OCULOMOTOR-DECISION-MAKING)

AMYG=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM
CGa=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see Anterior Cingulate Area)
CGp=Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG
Caudate=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see Basal Ganglia)
FEF=Frontal Eye Field,NMA.NC.PMC.FEF (see Premotor Cortex)
LIP=Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP
NAC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
PFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see Lateral Prefrontal Cortex)
SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
SEF=Supplementary Eye Field,NPE.NC.SMC.SEF
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT
SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL
Thalamus=Thalamus,FD.TH
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA

Global visual system - see Reference (CP.GLOBAL-VISUAL-SYSTEM)

ATH=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see Cognitive Thalamus)
BGA=Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG
FrontalCortex=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
LGN=Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN
OPN=Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN
ParietalCortex=Parietal Lobe,NC.LOBE.PAR
Pulvinar=Pulvinar,FD.PV (see Sensory Thalamus)
RF=Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF
Retina=Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT
SCi=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
SCs=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT
SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL
SpinalCord=Lamina IX,SC.VH.L9 (see Anterior/Ventral Horn)
Striatum=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
VisualCortex=Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC

Normal Functional Anatomy of Basal Ganglia - see Reference (CM.NORMAL-BG-ANATOMY)

GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see Basal Ganglia)
GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia)
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT
SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL
STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see Subthalamus Area)
VA=Ventral Anterior Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VA
VL=Ventral Lateral Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VL

Habenula Connections - see Reference (CF.HB-CONNECTIONS)

CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
DBB=Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB
DR=Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN
GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia)
IP=Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD
LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see Hypothalamus)
LHb=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see Habenula)
LPO=Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO
MHb=Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB
MR=Superior Central Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.SUC
PB=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE
S=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA

References

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Difference between revisions of "BrainRegionFEC FT SNC LT"

Latest revision as of 18:26, 28 April 2019

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <pre style="color: green">Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral</pre>
 @@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaFEC]] -> [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT]]
@@ Line 7: / Line 6: @@
 Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.
-* '''Top-down path to region''': Forebrain Telencephalon -> [[BrainCenterBGA_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]] (BGA.FT.BG) -> Substantia Nigra (BGA.FT.SN) -> Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (LMC.FT.SNC) -> [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral]] (FEC.FT.SNC.LT) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
+* '''Top-down path to region''': Forebrain Telencephalon -> [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]] (FEC.FT.BG) -> Substantia Nigra (FEC.FT.SN) -> Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (FEC.FT.SNC) -> [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral]] (FEC.FT.SNC.LT) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
 * '''Type''': nucleus
-* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaFEC|Forebrain - Execution Control Area]]
+* '''Quality''': L0
-* '''Role''': relay
+* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaFEC|Forebrain - Execution Control Area]] (FEC)
+* '''Area circuit''': Executive/Cognitive Loop (FECEXE)
+* '''Role''': basal.ganglia.nigracompacta
 * '''Function''': executive loop
-* '''Notes to function''': DP, dorsal circuits
+* '''Notes to function''':
+** DP, dorsal circuits
 (generated)
 = Components =
@@ Line 29: / Line 31: @@
 {| class=wikitable width=80%
-| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
+| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference'''
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|FAM.FD.LHB.MED]] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || excitatory-glu || [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Habenula Connections (LHb -> SNc, abstract)]
+| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|FAM.FD.LHB.MED]] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Habenula Connections (LHb -> SNc, abstract)]
 |-
-|  || [[BrainRegionFAM_HP_PPN_IPD|FAM.HP.PPN.IPD]] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || modulatory-ach || (unknown reference)
+| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_CN_HD|FEC.FT.CN.HD]] || Caudate Nucleus Head || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||[http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/saccades.jpg Saccades and smooth movements (CN -> SN, abstract)]
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_CN_HD|FEC.FT.CN.HD]] || Caudate Nucleus Head || inhibitory-gaba || [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/saccades.jpg Saccades and smooth movements (CN -> SN, abstract)]
+|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_GPI_DS|FEC.FT.GPI.DS]] || Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsal || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||[https://www.google.ru/search?hl=rutbo=ptbm=bksq=isbn:0080887988 Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (GP -> SN, abstract)]
 |-
-|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_GPI_DS|FEC.FT.GPI.DS]] || Globus Pallidus Internal Dorsal || inhibitory-gaba || [https://www.google.ru/search?hl=rutbo=ptbm=bksq=isbn:0080887988 Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (GP -> SN, abstract)]
+|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|FEC.FT.SNR.DL]] || Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||[http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0 Oculomotor decision-making (SNr -> SNc)]
 |-
-|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_RM|FEC.FT.SNR.RM]] || Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Rostromedial || inhibitory-gaba || (unknown reference)
+|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_RM|FEC.FT.SNR.RM]] || Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Rostromedial || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||(unknown reference)
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaLRC|LRC]] || [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_DEEP|LRC.MM.SC.DEEP]] || Deep Superior Colliculus || excitatory-glu || [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 Global visual system (SCi -> SNc, abstract)]
+|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|FEC.HT.TG.IPD]] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || modulatory-ach || uncertain ||[http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> SNc, abstract)]
+|-
+| [[BrainAreaLRC|LRC]] || [[BrainRegionLRC_MM_SC_DEEP|LRC.MM.SC.DEEP]] || Deep Superior Colliculus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 Global visual system (SCi -> SNc, abstract)]
 |}
@@ Line 47: / Line 51: @@
 {| class=wikitable width=80%
-| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
+| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference'''
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT|FEC.FT.PU.LT]] || Dorsal Putamen Lateral || modulatory-da || [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (SNC -> PU)]
+| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH|FEC.FT.ACC.SH]] || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Connectivity map of the habenula (SNc -> CPu, abstract)]
 |-
-|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_MED|FEC.FT.PU.MED]] || Dorsal Putamen Medial || modulatory-da || [http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_06/a_06_cr/a_06_cr_mou/a_06_cr_mou.html Basal Ganglia Activity (SN -> PU, abstract)]
+|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT|FEC.FT.PU.LT]] || Dorsal Putamen Lateral || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (SNC -> PU)]
 |-
-| [[BrainAreaLLC|LLC]] || [[BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD|LLC.MM.RD]] || Red Nucleus || modulatory-da || (unknown reference)
+|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_MED|FEC.FT.PU.MED]] || Dorsal Putamen Medial || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Connectivity map of the habenula (SNc -> CPu, abstract)]
+|-
+| [[BrainAreaLLC|LLC]] || [[BrainRegionLLC_HT_CR_CC|LLC.HT.CR.CC]] || Cerebellar Lateral Lobe || modulatory-da || uncertain || [https://www.google.ru/search?hl=rutbo=ptbm=bksq=isbn:0080887988 Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior (SN -> CR, abstract)]
+|-
+|  || [[BrainRegionLLC_MM_RD_MG|LLC.MM.RD.MG]] || Magnocellular Part of Red Nucleus || modulatory-da || uncertain || (unknown reference)
 |}
@@ Line 59: / Line 67: @@
 (generated)
-* [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/images/nrn1345-i1.jpg Saccadic Vision] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/box/nrn1345_BX1.html Reference]
+* [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/images/nrn1345-i1.jpg Saccadic Vision] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/box/nrn1345_BX1.html Reference] (CP.SACCADIC-VISION)
-<img src="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/images/nrn1345-i1.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ BG=[[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG]]
+ CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ CR=Cerebellum,LLC.HT.CR (see [[BrainCenterLLC_HT_CRC|Cerebellar Complex]])
+ FrontalCortex=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
+ GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
+ LIP=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPS_LIP|Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP]]
+ RF=[[BrainCenterHT_RF|Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF]]
+ Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
+ SCi=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ SCs=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ SNpr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL]]
+ STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FD_STA|Subthalamus Area]])
+ Thalamus=Thalamus,FD.TH
+ VisualCortex=[[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/e149203d6ac92f76e1ccabaef41666a6.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959438808001566-gr1.jpg Global visual system] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 Reference]
+* [http://www.endurance-education.com/home/aragorn/www/endurance/htdocs/wp-content/uploads/Stephenson-Jones-2012-Fig-9-1024x489.png Summary of the organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pedunculopontine nucleus in lamprey] - see [http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs Reference] (CM.SN-PPN)
-<img src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959438808001566-gr1.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ PPN=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN|Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN]]
+ SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata,FEC.FT.SNR (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FD_STA|Subthalamus Area]])
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/ae877872fea7af03677243fd8481c11d.png" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract] - see [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Reference]
+* [http://usvn.ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/wiki/research/biomodel/motor_top.jpg Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) in motor behavior] - see [https://www.google.ru/search?hl=rutbo=ptbm=bksq=isbn:0080887988 Reference] (CM.PFC-MOTOR)
-<img src="http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg" alt="unavailable">
+ CN.PU=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ CR=[[BrainCenterLLC_HT_CRC|Cerebellar Complex,LLC.HT.CRC]]
+ GP=Globus Pallidus,FEC.FT.GP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ LPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
+ MC=[[BrainRegionNMA_NC_MC|Motor Cortex,NMA.NC.MC]]
+ PMC=[[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex,NC.PMC]]
+ PN=Pontine Nuclear Complex,HT.PN (see [[BrainCenterHT_SN|Metencephalic Sensory Nuclei]])
+ SN=Substantia Nigra,FEC.FT.SN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ TH=Ventral Thalamus,FD.TH.VTH (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_MR|Motor Thalamus]])
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/474417556f95e6d518821367eef6716a.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_06/a_06_cr/a_06_cr_mou/a_06_cr_mou_2b.jpg Basal Ganglia Activity] - see [http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_06/a_06_cr/a_06_cr_mou/a_06_cr_mou.html Reference]
+* [http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract] - see [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Reference] (CM.ONUF)
-<img src="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_06/a_06_cr/a_06_cr_mou/a_06_cr_mou_2b.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ DVM=[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN|Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN]]
+ IMG=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_IMG|Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG]]
+ IML=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML]]
+ LC=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC|Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC]]
+ MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
+ MPOA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]]
+ NBM=[[BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM|Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM]]
+ ONF=[[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF|Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF]]
+ PBN=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]]
+ PEL=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_PPG|Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG]]
+ PU=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT|Dorsal Putamen Lateral,FEC.FT.PU.LT]]
+ PVN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
+ SNC=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
+ SPS=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS]]
+ VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
+ ZI=[[BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_CD|Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal,BGA.FD.STN.ZI]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/b3238c9c6efdcfa004931bec8815fc0b.jpeg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://img.springerimages.com/Images/Springer/PUB=Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg/JOU=00359/VOL=2005.191/ISU=3/ART=2004_565/MediaObjects/WATER_s00359-004-0565-9fhc1.jpg Oculomotor decision-making] - see [http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0 Reference]
+* [http://d2avczb82rh8fa.cloudfront.net/content/jn/107/10/2633/F1.large.jpg Connectivity map of the habenula] - see [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Reference] (CF.HB-CONN)
-<img src="http://img.springerimages.com/Images/Springer/PUB=Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg/JOU=00359/VOL=2005.191/ISU=3/ART=2004_565/MediaObjects/WATER_s00359-004-0565-9fhc1.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ EP=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_EPF|Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF]]
+ Hippo=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
+ IPN=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
+ L=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
+ LH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
+ M=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
+ NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ PAG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG]]
+ Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
+ SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ Septum=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
+ VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/213e030f063f9640f8ace79244e622d1.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://www.mdvu.org/images/par_path2.jpg Normal Functional Anatomy of Basal Ganglia] - see [http://www.mdvu.org/library/disease/pd/par_path.asp Reference]
+* [http://img.springerimages.com/Images/Springer/PUB=Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg/JOU=00359/VOL=2005.191/ISU=3/ART=2004_565/MediaObjects/WATER_s00359-004-0565-9fhc1.jpg Oculomotor decision-making] - see [http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0 Reference] (CP.OCULOMOTOR-DECISION-MAKING)
-<img src="http://www.mdvu.org/images/par_path2.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ AMYG=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
+ CGa=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [[BrainCenterNC_ACG|Anterior Cingulate Area]])
+ CGp=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_PSCG|Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG]]
+ Caudate=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ FEF=Frontal Eye Field,NMA.NC.PMC.FEF (see [[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex]])
+ LIP=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPS_LIP|Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP]]
+ NAC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
+ PFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
+ SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ SEF=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_SMC_SEF|Supplementary Eye Field,NPE.NC.SMC.SEF]]
+ SNc=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
+ SNr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL]]
+ Thalamus=Thalamus,FD.TH
+ VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/1d4f1e638e95cbcc831ce811b7c2518a.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
-* [http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/2/2d/Hb-connections-small.jpg/800px-Hb-connections-small.jpg Habenula Connections] - see [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Reference]
+* [http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959438808001566-gr1.jpg Global visual system] - see [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566 Reference] (CP.GLOBAL-VISUAL-SYSTEM)
-<img src="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/2/2d/Hb-connections-small.jpg/800px-Hb-connections-small.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+ ATH=Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.AN (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_CR|Cognitive Thalamus]])
+ BGA=[[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia,FEC.FT.BG]]
+ FrontalCortex=Anterior Lobe,NC.LOBE.ANT
+ LGN=[[BrainRegionNSA_FD_LGN|Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,NSA.FD.LGN]]
+ OPN=[[BrainRegionLPC_MM_OCN|Oculomotor Nucleus,LPC.MM.OCN]]
+ ParietalCortex=Parietal Lobe,NC.LOBE.PAR
+ Pulvinar=Pulvinar,FD.PV (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_SR|Sensory Thalamus]])
+ RF=[[BrainCenterHT_RF|Pontine Reticular Formation,HT.RF]]
+ Retina=[[BrainRegionLPC_FD_RT|Retinal Nucleus,LPC.FD.RT]]
+ SCi=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ SCs=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
+ SNc=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
+ SNr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL]]
+ SpinalCord=Lamina IX,SC.VH.L9 (see [[BrainCenterSC_VH|Anterior/Ventral Horn]])
+ Striatum=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ VisualCortex=[[BrainCenterNC_LOBE_OCC|Occipital Lobe,NC.LOBE.OCC]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/7192d7e1c7041f25a6eddc32c4f67e91.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://www.mdvu.org/images/par_path2.jpg Normal Functional Anatomy of Basal Ganglia] - see [http://www.mdvu.org/library/disease/pd/par_path.asp Reference] (CM.NORMAL-BG-ANATOMY)
+ GPe=Globus Pallidus External,FEC.FT.GPE (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ SNc=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
+ SNr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL]]
+ STN=Subthalamic Nucleus,FEC.FD.STN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FD_STA|Subthalamus Area]])
+ VA=[[BrainRegionNMA_FD_TH_VA|Ventral Anterior Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VA]]
+ VL=[[BrainRegionNMA_FD_TH_VL|Ventral Lateral Nucleus,NMA.FD.TH.VL]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/895abdcf81284500560c506cdd20f352.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
+* [http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/2/2d/Hb-connections-small.jpg/800px-Hb-connections-small.jpg Habenula Connections] - see [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Reference] (CF.HB-CONNECTIONS)
+ CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ DBB=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB|Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB]]
+ DR=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN|Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN]]
+ GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
+ IP=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
+ LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see [[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus]])
+ LHb=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
+ LPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO|Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]]
+ MHb=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
+ MR=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC|Superior Central Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.SUC]]
+ PB=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE|Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE]]
+ S=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
+ SNc=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
+ VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
+<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/fa0c61d9adf99556d6de6701a35123b8.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
@@ Line 92: / Line 220: @@
 * http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n3/box/nrn1345_BX1.html
-* http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566
+* http://www.endurance-education.com/endurance-education-com/does-only-our-brainstem-select-our-motor-programs
+* https://www.google.ru/search?hl=rutbo=ptbm=bksq=isbn:0080887988
 * http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders
-* http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_06/a_06_cr/a_06_cr_mou/a_06_cr_mou.html
+* http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633
 * http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0
+* http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438808001566
 * http://www.mdvu.org/library/disease/pd/par_path.asp
 * http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula