Difference between revisions of "BrainRegionLMC MM VTA"

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<pre style="color: green">Ventral Tegmental Area</pre>
 
<pre style="color: green">Ventral Tegmental Area</pre>
 
@@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaLMC]] -> [[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA]]
 
@@[[Home]] -> [[BiologicalLifeResearch]] -> [[BrainAreaLMC]] -> [[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA]]
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Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.
 
Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.
  
−
* '''Top-down path to region''': Midbrain Mesencephalon -> [[BrainCenterLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area]] (LMC.MM.VTA) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
+
* '''Top-down path to region''': Midbrain Mesencephalon -> [[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area]] (LMC.MM.VTA) (see [[OverallMindMaps|Mind Maps]])
 
* '''Type''': nucleus
 
* '''Type''': nucleus
−
* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaLMC|Lower Brain - Modulatory Contol Area]]
+
* '''Quality''': L0
−
* '''Role''': relay
+
* '''Brain area''': [[BrainAreaLMC|Lower Brain - Modulatory Contol Area]] (LMC)
 +
* '''Area circuit''': Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness (DA)
 +
* '''Role''': processor.autonomic
 
* '''Function''': Respond to novel stimuli, unexpected rewards, and reward predictive sensory cues
 
* '''Function''': Respond to novel stimuli, unexpected rewards, and reward predictive sensory cues
 
(generated)
 
(generated)
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'''Component items''':
 
'''Component items''':
−
* '''Medial Ventral Tegmental Area'''
+
* '''Ventral Tegmental Nucleus''' ('''LMC.MM.VTG'''): moderates hippocampal-driven rhythmic firing frequency in medial mammillary
 
* '''Parabrachial Pigmented Area'''
 
* '''Parabrachial Pigmented Area'''
 
* '''Paranigral Nucleus'''
 
* '''Paranigral Nucleus'''
 
* '''Parafasciculus Retroflexus Area'''
 
* '''Parafasciculus Retroflexus Area'''
−
* '''Raphe Nucleus Linearis''' ('''LMC.HP.RP.LI'''): Release of 5-HT was only obtained on stimulation of this nucleus
 
−
** '''Rostral Linear Nucleus'''
 
  
 
= Connectivity =
 
= Connectivity =
Line 34: Line 33:
  
 
{| class=wikitable width=80%
 
{| class=wikitable width=80%
−
| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
+
| '''Source Area''' || '''Source Region''' || '''Source Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_BNST|FAM.FT.BNST]] || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference)
+
| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|FAM.FD.LHB.MED]] || Lateral Habenula Medial Part || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHbM -> VTA)]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_CORE|FEC.FT.ACC.CORE]] || Nucleus Accumbens Core || inhibitory-gaba || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (NACC -> VTA, abstract)]
+
| || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_BNST|FAM.FT.BNST]] || Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||(unknown reference)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[BrainAreaLMC|LMC]] || [[BrainRegionLMC_HP_TG_VTG|LMC.HP.TG.VTG]] || Ventral Tegmental Nucleus || excitatory-glu || (unknown reference)
+
| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_CORE|FEC.FT.ACC.CORE]] || Nucleus Accumbens Core || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||[http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (NACC -> VTA, abstract)]
 +
|-
 +
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_VP_VM|FEC.FT.VP.VM]] || Ventral Pallidum Ventromedial || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||[http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Craving (VPAL -> VTA, abstract)]
 +
|-
 +
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|FEC.HT.TG.IPD]] || Interpeduncular Nucleus || modulatory-ach || uncertain ||[http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> VTA)]
 +
|-
 +
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]] || Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus || inhibitory-gaba || uncertain ||[http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (RMTG -> VTA)]
 +
|-
 +
| [[BrainAreaLPC|LPC]] || [[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|LPC.HL.SOL]] || Solitary Nucleus || excitatory-glu || uncertain ||[http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (NTS -> VTA)]
 
|}
 
|}
  
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{| class=wikitable width=80%
 
{| class=wikitable width=80%
−
| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Reference'''
+
| '''Target Area''' || '''Target Region''' || '''Target Name''' || '''Type''' || '''Role''' || '''Reference'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEC|FAM.FT.AM.CEC]] || Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision || modulatory-da || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> AM, abstract)]
+
| [[BrainAreaFAM|FAM]] || [[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_CEC|FAM.FT.AM.CEC]] || Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> AM, abstract)]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH|FEC.FT.ACC.SH]] || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || modulatory-da || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Craving (VTA -> NACC, abstract)]
+
| [[BrainAreaFEC|FEC]] || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_ACC_SH|FEC.FT.ACC.SH]] || Nucleus Accumbens Shell || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Craving (VTA -> NACC, abstract)]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[BrainAreaFMM|FMM]] || [[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB|FMM.FD.MB.MMB]] || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || modulatory-da || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)]
+
| || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT|FEC.FT.PU.LT]] || Dorsal Putamen Lateral || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VTA -> DS, abstract)]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  || [[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_CA1D|FMM.FT.HC.CA1D]] || Distal CA1 of Hippocampus || modulatory-da || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> HC, abstract)]
+
|  || [[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_MED|FEC.FT.PU.MED]] || Dorsal Putamen Medial || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VTA -> DS, abstract)]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || [[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_LEC|FMM.NC.PH.LEC]] || Lateral Entorhinal Cortex || modulatory-da || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VTA -> EC, abstract)]
+
| [[BrainAreaFMM|FMM]] || [[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB|FMM.FD.MB.MMB]] || Medial Mammillary Nucleus || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PO|LAC.FD.HT.PO]] || Preoptic Nucleus || modulatory-da || [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> MPOA)]
+
| || [[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_CA1D|FMM.FT.HC.CA1D]] || Distal CA1 of Hippocampus || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> HC, abstract)]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PRM|LAC.FD.HT.PRM]] || Premammillary Nucleus || modulatory-da || (unknown reference)
+
|  || [[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_LEC|FMM.NC.PH.LEC]] || Lateral Entorhinal Cortex || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VTA -> EC, abstract)]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|LAC.FD.HT.PV]] || Paraventricular Nucleus || modulatory-da || [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> PVN)]
+
| [[BrainAreaLAC|LAC]] || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PRM|LAC.FD.HT.PRM]] || Premammillary Nucleus || modulatory-da || uncertain || (unknown reference)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[BrainAreaNDM|NDM]] || [[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG|NDM.NC.AL.DACG]] || Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area || modulatory-da || (unknown reference)
+
| || [[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|LAC.FD.HT.PV]] || Paraventricular Nucleus || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> PVN)]
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  || [[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_FPC|NDM.NC.AL.FPC]] || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || modulatory-da || [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> PFC, abstract)]
+
| [[BrainAreaNDM|NDM]] || [[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG|NDM.NC.AL.DACG]] || Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area || modulatory-da || uncertain || (unknown reference)
 +
|-
 +
|  || [[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_FPC|NDM.NC.AL.FPC]] || Lateral Frontopolar Cortex || modulatory-da || uncertain || [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Amygdala and its network (VTA -> MPFC, abstract)]
 
|}
 
|}
  
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(generated)
 
(generated)
  
−
* [http://brmlab.cz/lib/exe/fetch.php?hash=fca48f&media=http%3A%2F%2Fars.els-cdn.com%2Fcontent%2Fimage%2F1-s2.0-S1364661308002490-gr2.jpg Regulation of Social Brain] - see [http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc Reference]
+
* [http://brmlab.cz/lib/exe/fetch.php?hash=fca48f&media=http%3A%2F%2Fars.els-cdn.com%2Fcontent%2Fimage%2F1-s2.0-S1364661308002490-gr2.jpg Regulation of Social Brain] - see [http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc Reference] (CT.SOCIAL-BRAIN)
  
−
<img src="http://brmlab.cz/lib/exe/fetch.php?hash=fca48f&media=http%3A%2F%2Fars.els-cdn.com%2Fcontent%2Fimage%2F1-s2.0-S1364661308002490-gr2.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+
AMG=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
 +
Caud=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
DACC=[[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_DACG|Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.DACG]]
 +
DLPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
Hipp=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 +
IFG=[[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_IPG|Inferior Prefrontal Gyrus,NDM.NC.AL.IPG]]
 +
LSN=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_LH_LSN|Lateral Spinal Nucleus,LAC.SC.LH.LSN]]
 +
MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
PhippG=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
 +
Put=Dorsal Putamen,FEC.FT.DPU (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
SGC=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_AL_SGCG|Subgenual Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.AL.SGCG]]
 +
SN=Substantia Nigra,FEC.FT.SN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
VACC=[[BrainRegionNDM_NC_AL_VACG|Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG]]
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
VentPal=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/799323d73ce1925d1148d2575e2779a9.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
−
* [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f4.jpg Medial mammillary nucleus and theta rhythm] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F4.html Reference]
+
* [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f2.jpg Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Reference] (CT.MB-MEMORY)
  
−
<img src="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f4.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+
ADTH=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AD|Anterodorsal Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AD]]
 +
AMTH=[[BrainRegionNCP_FD_TH_AM|Anteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.AM]]
 +
AVTH=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AV|Anteroventral Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AV]]
 +
DTN=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT|Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.LDT]]
 +
LMB=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_LMB|Lateral Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.LMB]]
 +
MMB=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB|Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB]]
 +
MedialEC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
 +
PAS=[[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_PAS|Parasubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.PAS]]
 +
POS=[[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_POS|Postsubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.POS]]
 +
PRS=[[BrainRegionFMM_NC_PH_PRS|Presubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.PRS]]
 +
SEP=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
 +
SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 +
SupraMM=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM|Supramammillary Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SUM]]
 +
TuberoMM=Lateral Tuberal Nuclei,LAC.FD.HT.LTUB (see [[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus]])
 +
VTN=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/c973c3b2fef0f2bf256543a0a064fe81.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
−
* [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f2.jpg Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html Reference]
+
* [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/6-HippocampalVTA.jpg Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning] - see [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Reference] (CT.LONG-TERM-MEMORY-VTA)
  
−
<img src="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f2.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+
ACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
CA1=Ventrolateral Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA1 (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 +
CA3=Dorsomedial Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA3 (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 +
DG=[[BrainRegionFMM_FT_HC_DG|Dentate Gyrus,FMM.FT.HC.DG]]
 +
EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
 +
PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
PPTG=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_PPN|Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN]]
 +
SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 +
VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/e3d02da6dc6102c07ec019fae91c8253.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
−
* [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/6-HippocampalVTA.jpg Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning] - see [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Reference]
+
* [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/images/nrendo.2010.93-f1.jpg Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html Reference] (CP.BOWELS)
  
−
<img src="http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/6-HippocampalVTA.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+
AMY=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
 +
ARC=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_AR|Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR]]
 +
DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 +
ME=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE|Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE]]
 +
NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
NTS=[[BrainRegionLPC_HL_SOL|Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL]]
 +
OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
PBN=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]]
 +
PVN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
 +
VMN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VM|Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM]]
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/1550acf4cfac7352ce9d8ba11a39c4e6.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
−
* [http://img.springerimages.com/Images/Springer/PUB=Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg/JOU=00359/VOL=2005.191/ISU=3/ART=2004_565/MediaObjects/WATER_s00359-004-0565-9fhc1.jpg Oculomotor decision-making] - see [http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0 Reference]
+
* [http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract] - see [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Reference] (CM.ONUF)
  
−
<img src="http://img.springerimages.com/Images/Springer/PUB=Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg/JOU=00359/VOL=2005.191/ISU=3/ART=2004_565/MediaObjects/WATER_s00359-004-0565-9fhc1.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+
CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
DVM=[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN|Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN]]
 +
IMG=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_SYM_IMG|Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG]]
 +
IML=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_IML|Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML]]
 +
LC=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_LC|Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC]]
 +
MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
MPOA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_MPO|Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO]]
 +
NBM=[[BrainRegionLMC_FT_NBM|Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM]]
 +
ONF=[[BrainRegionLPC_SC_VH_ONF|Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF]]
 +
PBN=[[BrainRegionLPC_HT_PRF_PB|Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB]]
 +
PEL=[[BrainRegionLAC_PN_PSYM_PPG|Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG]]
 +
PU=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_PU_LT|Dorsal Putamen Lateral,FEC.FT.PU.LT]]
 +
PVN=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_PV|Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV]]
 +
SNC=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
 +
SPS=[[BrainRegionLAC_SC_IZ_SPS|Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS]]
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
ZI=[[BrainRegionFEC_FD_STN_CD|Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal,BGA.FD.STN.ZI]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/b3238c9c6efdcfa004931bec8815fc0b.jpeg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
−
* [http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract] - see [http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders Reference]
+
* [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/file/view/Reward_circuit.jpg/315908202/Reward_circuit.jpg Reward circuit of human brain] - see [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reference] (CF.REWARD-CIRCUIT)
  
−
<img src="http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/40109/media/image1.jpeg" alt="unavailable">
+
AM=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
 +
HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 +
NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/284310755a3e65beb74826e15beade5d.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
−
* [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/file/view/Reward_circuit.jpg/315908202/Reward_circuit.jpg Reward circuit of human brain] - see [http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity Reference]
+
* [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/8-Urges9proof.jpg Craving] - see [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Reference] (CF.CRAVING)
  
−
<img src="http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/file/view/Reward_circuit.jpg/315908202/Reward_circuit.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+
NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
OMPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
SNr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_MED|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial,FEC.FT.SNR.MED]]
 +
VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/03180da352394bdd7711e289118a3d96.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
−
* [http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/2/2d/Hb-connections-small.jpg/800px-Hb-connections-small.jpg Habenula Connections] - see [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Reference]
+
* [http://sni.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/3520/SNI-3-40-g001.png Amygdala and its network] - see [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Reference] (CF.AM-NET)
  
−
<img src="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/2/2d/Hb-connections-small.jpg/800px-Hb-connections-small.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+
BLN=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_AM_BP|Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.BP]]
 +
CEA=Central Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM.CEA (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala]])
 +
EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see [[BrainCenterNC_PHA_RH|Rhinal Cortex]])
 +
HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 +
HTS=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 +
ITC=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_IT_TE|Inferotemporal Cortex,NSA.NC.IT.TE]]
 +
LA=Lateral Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.LA (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala]])
 +
LHB=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
 +
MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see [[BrainCenterFD_TH_CR|Cognitive Thalamus]])
 +
MPFC=[[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OMPFC]]
 +
NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
PAG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG]]
 +
RMTG=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]]
 +
STC=[[BrainRegionNSA_NC_STG_A3|Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3]]
 +
VGDM=[[BrainRegionLAC_HL_VGN|Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN]]
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/148ecc584cca86040df3ac88ecdbcba6.png" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
−
* [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/8-Urges9proof.jpg Craving] - see [http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html Reference]
+
* [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/images/nrn1299-f4.jpg Medial mammillary nucleus and theta rhythm] - see [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F4.html Reference] (CT.MMB-THETA)
  
−
<img src="http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/images/8-Urges9proof.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+
AVTH=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_TH_AV|Anteroventral Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AV]]
 +
HF=[[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation,FMM.FT.HF]]
 +
MMB=[[BrainRegionFMM_FD_MB_MMB|Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB]]
 +
RSP=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_RSC|Retrosplenial Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.RSC]]
 +
SEP=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
 +
SupraMM=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_SUM|Supramammillary Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SUM]]
 +
VTN=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/111fc1b02f4b92516dc6ba2b8dc06e0d.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
−
* [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/articles/2012/3/2/images/SurgNeurolInt_2012_3_2_40_91609_u1.jpg Amygdala and its network] - see [http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin Reference]
+
* [http://img.springerimages.com/Images/Springer/PUB=Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg/JOU=00359/VOL=2005.191/ISU=3/ART=2004_565/MediaObjects/WATER_s00359-004-0565-9fhc1.jpg Oculomotor decision-making] - see [http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0 Reference] (CP.OCULOMOTOR-DECISION-MAKING)
  
−
<img src="http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/articles/2012/3/2/images/SurgNeurolInt_2012_3_2_40_91609_u1.jpg" alt="unavailable">
+
AMYG=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_AM|Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM]]
 +
CGa=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see [[BrainCenterNC_ACG|Anterior Cingulate Area]])
 +
CGp=[[BrainRegionNCP_NC_MPL_PSCG|Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG]]
 +
Caudate=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
FEF=Frontal Eye Field,NMA.NC.PMC.FEF (see [[BrainCenterNC_PMC|Premotor Cortex]])
 +
LIP=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_IPS_LIP|Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP]]
 +
NAC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_OMPFC|Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
PFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see [[BrainCenterNC_AL_LPFC|Lateral Prefrontal Cortex]])
 +
SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see [[BrainCenterMM_REF|Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon]])
 +
SEF=[[BrainRegionNPE_NC_SMC_SEF|Supplementary Eye Field,NPE.NC.SMC.SEF]]
 +
SNc=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
 +
SNr=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNR_DL|Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL]]
 +
Thalamus=Thalamus,FD.TH
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/1d4f1e638e95cbcc831ce811b7c2518a.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/70852/fnhum-07-00826-HTML/image_m/fnhum-07-00826-g002.jpg Regulation of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by habenular projection] - see [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full Reference] (CF.REM-HB)
 +
 
 +
DBB=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB|Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB]]
 +
DTG=[[BrainRegionLMC_HT_TG_LDT|Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.DTG]]
 +
EPN=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_EPF|Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF]]
 +
GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
LHT=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 +
LHbL=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT|Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT]]
 +
LHbM=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED]]
 +
NI=[[BrainRegionFAM_HT_TG_NI|Incertus Nucleus,FAM.HT.TG.NI]]
 +
RMTg=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]]
 +
Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
 +
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
VTG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTG]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/9876de47985d221848d9333bddb7bf59.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/images/nn.3779-F2.jpg Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems] - see [http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html Reference] (CF.HB-DA5HT)
 +
 
 +
DBB=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB|Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB]]
 +
DRN=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN|Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN]]
 +
GPb=Dorsal Pallidum,FEC.FT.DP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
IPN=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
 +
LHA=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 +
LHbL=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_LT|Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT]]
 +
LHbM=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_LHB_MED|Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED]]
 +
LPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO|Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]]
 +
LS=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_LT|Lateral Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.LT]]
 +
MHb=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
 +
MRN=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
 +
MS=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_MED|Medial Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.MED]]
 +
PS=Posterior Septal Group,FAM.FT.SEP.PG (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei]])
 +
RMTg=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_RMTG|Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG]]
 +
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
VP=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/97cf0802ee48a418ff7f70f80ce204e1.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/2/2d/Hb-connections-small.jpg/800px-Hb-connections-small.jpg Habenula Connections] - see [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula Reference] (CF.HB-CONNECTIONS)
 +
 
 +
CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
DBB=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_SEP_DBB|Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB]]
 +
DR=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_DRN|Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN]]
 +
GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
IP=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
 +
LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see [[BrainCenterFD_HT|Hypothalamus]])
 +
LHb=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
 +
LPO=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_VLPO|Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO]]
 +
MHb=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
 +
MR=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_RP_SUC|Superior Central Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.SUC]]
 +
PB=[[BrainRegionTARGET_TEA_ENDOCRINE|Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE]]
 +
S=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
 +
SNc=[[BrainRegionFEC_FT_SNC_LT|Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT]]
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/fa0c61d9adf99556d6de6701a35123b8.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
 +
 
 +
* [http://d2avczb82rh8fa.cloudfront.net/content/jn/107/10/2633/F1.large.jpg Connectivity map of the habenula] - see [http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633 Reference] (CF.HB-CONN)
 +
 
 +
CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
EP=[[BrainRegionFAM_FT_EPF|Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF]]
 +
Hippo=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see [[BrainCenterFMM_FT_HF|Hippocampal Formation]])
 +
IPN=[[BrainRegionFEC_HT_TG_IPD|Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD]]
 +
L=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see [[BrainCenterFAM_FD_HB|Habenula]])
 +
LH=[[BrainRegionLAC_FD_HT_LTN|Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN]]
 +
M=[[BrainRegionFAM_FD_MHB|Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB]]
 +
NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
PAG=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_PAG|Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG]]
 +
Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see [[BrainCenterHL_RF|Medullary Reticular Formation]])
 +
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see [[BrainCenterFEC_FT_BG|Basal Ganglia]])
 +
Septum=[[BrainCenterFAM_FT_SEP|Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP]]
 +
VTA=[[BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA|Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA]]
 +
<img src="http://ahuman.org/svn/ahwiki/images/ext/213e030f063f9640f8ace79244e622d1.jpg" alt=alt="unavailable" style="max-width: 100%;">
  
  
Line 117: Line 319:
  
 
* http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc
 
* http://brmlab.cz/project/brain_hacking/tdcs/pfc
−
* http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F4.html
 
 
* http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html
 
* http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F2.html
 
* http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html
 
* http://www.impulsecontroldisorders.org/html/cravings.html
−
* http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0
+
* http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v6/n8/fig_tab/nrendo.2010.93_F1.html
 
* http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders
 
* http://www.intechopen.com/books/computational-intelligence-in-electromyography-analysis-a-perspective-on-current-applications-and-future-challenges/sphincter-emg-for-diagnosing-multiple-system-atrophy-and-related-disorders
 
* http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity
 
* http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Presynaptic+Mechanisms+of+Synaptic+Plasticity
−
* http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula
 
 
* http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin
 
* http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/article.asp?issn=2152-7806;year=2012;volume=3;issue=2;spage=40;epage=46;aulast=Langevin
 +
* http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrn1299_F4.html
 +
* http://www.springerimages.com/Images/LifeSciences/1-10.1007_s00359-004-0565-9-0
 +
* http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00826/full
 +
* http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n9/fig_tab/nn.3779_F2.html
 +
* http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Habenula
 +
* http://jn.physiology.org/content/107/10/2633

Latest revision as of 18:29, 28 April 2019

Ventral Tegmental Area

@@Home -> BiologicalLifeResearch -> BrainAreaLMC -> BrainRegionLMC_MM_VTA

This page covers biological details of component Ventral Tegmental Area. Region is part of aHuman target integrated biological model.

  • Top-down path to region: Midbrain Mesencephalon -> Ventral Tegmental Area (LMC.MM.VTA) (see Mind Maps)
  • Type: nucleus
  • Quality: L0
  • Brain area: Lower Brain - Modulatory Contol Area (LMC)
  • Area circuit: Dopamine - Reward-Motivated Behavior, Cognitive Alertness (DA)
  • Role: processor.autonomic
  • Function: Respond to novel stimuli, unexpected rewards, and reward predictive sensory cues

(generated)

Components

(generated)


Component items:

  • Ventral Tegmental Nucleus (LMC.MM.VTG): moderates hippocampal-driven rhythmic firing frequency in medial mammillary
  • Parabrachial Pigmented Area
  • Paranigral Nucleus
  • Parafasciculus Retroflexus Area

Connectivity

(generated)


LMC.MM.VTA.dot.png

Inbound Region Connections:

Source Area Source Region Source Name Type Role Reference
FAM FAM.FD.LHB.MED Lateral Habenula Medial Part excitatory-glu uncertain Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (LHbM -> VTA)
FAM.FT.BNST Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis excitatory-glu uncertain (unknown reference)
FEC FEC.FT.ACC.CORE Nucleus Accumbens Core inhibitory-gaba uncertain Reward circuit of human brain (NACC -> VTA, abstract)
FEC.FT.VP.VM Ventral Pallidum Ventromedial inhibitory-gaba uncertain Craving (VPAL -> VTA, abstract)
FEC.HT.TG.IPD Interpeduncular Nucleus modulatory-ach uncertain Both LHb and MHb control the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (IPN -> VTA)
FEC.HT.TG.RMTG Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus inhibitory-gaba uncertain Amygdala and its network (RMTG -> VTA)
LPC LPC.HL.SOL Solitary Nucleus excitatory-glu uncertain Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (NTS -> VTA)

Outbound Region Connections:

Target Area Target Region Target Name Type Role Reference
FAM FAM.FT.AM.CEC Central Amygdaloid Nucleus, capsular subdivision modulatory-da uncertain Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> AM, abstract)
FEC FEC.FT.ACC.SH Nucleus Accumbens Shell modulatory-da uncertain Craving (VTA -> NACC, abstract)
FEC.FT.PU.LT Dorsal Putamen Lateral modulatory-da uncertain Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VTA -> DS, abstract)
FEC.FT.PU.MED Dorsal Putamen Medial modulatory-da uncertain Bowels control brain: gut hormones and obesity (VTA -> DS, abstract)
FMM FMM.FD.MB.MMB Medial Mammillary Nucleus modulatory-da uncertain Mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one (VTN -> MMB)
FMM.FT.HC.CA1D Distal CA1 of Hippocampus modulatory-da uncertain Reward circuit of human brain (VTA -> HC, abstract)
FMM.NC.PH.LEC Lateral Entorhinal Cortex modulatory-da uncertain Combining Novelty, Motivational Salience, and Reward to Control Attention and Learning (VTA -> EC, abstract)
LAC LAC.FD.HT.PRM Premammillary Nucleus modulatory-da uncertain (unknown reference)
LAC.FD.HT.PV Paraventricular Nucleus modulatory-da uncertain Physiology and pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (VTA -> PVN)
NDM NDM.NC.AL.DACG Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area modulatory-da uncertain (unknown reference)
NDM.NC.AL.FPC Lateral Frontopolar Cortex modulatory-da uncertain Amygdala and its network (VTA -> MPFC, abstract)

Thirdparty Circuits

(generated) 

AMG=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM
Caud=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see Basal Ganglia)
DACC=Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.DACG
DLPFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see Lateral Prefrontal Cortex)
Hipp=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation)
IFG=Inferior Prefrontal Gyrus,NDM.NC.AL.IPG
LSN=Lateral Spinal Nucleus,LAC.SC.LH.LSN
MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
PhippG=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see Rhinal Cortex)
Put=Dorsal Putamen,FEC.FT.DPU (see Basal Ganglia)
SGC=Subgenual Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.AL.SGCG
SN=Substantia Nigra,FEC.FT.SN (see Basal Ganglia)
VACC=Ventral Anterior Cingulate Area,NDM.NC.AL.VACG
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA
VentPal=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see Basal Ganglia)


ADTH=Anterodorsal Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AD
AMTH=Anteromedial Nucleus,NCP.FD.TH.AM
AVTH=Anteroventral Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AV
DTN=Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.LDT
LMB=Lateral Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.LMB
MMB=Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB
MedialEC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see Rhinal Cortex)
PAS=Parasubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.PAS
POS=Postsubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.POS
PRS=Presubiculum,FMM.NC.PH.PRS
SEP=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see Hippocampal Formation)
SupraMM=Supramammillary Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SUM
TuberoMM=Lateral Tuberal Nuclei,LAC.FD.HT.LTUB (see Hypothalamus)
VTN=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


ACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
CA1=Ventrolateral Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA1 (see Hippocampal Formation)
CA3=Dorsomedial Cornu Ammonis of Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC.CA3 (see Hippocampal Formation)
DG=Dentate Gyrus,FMM.FT.HC.DG
EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see Rhinal Cortex)
PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
PPTG=Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei,LMC.HT.TG.PPN
SUB=Subiculum,FMM.FT.HF.SUB (see Hippocampal Formation)
VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see Basal Ganglia)
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


AMY=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM
ARC=Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus,LAC.FD.HT.AR
DS=Dorsal Striatum,FEC.FT.DST (see Basal Ganglia)
LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
ME=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE
NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
NTS=Solitary Nucleus,LPC.HL.SOL
OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
PBN=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB
PVN=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
VMN=Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VM
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


CN=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see Basal Ganglia)
DVM=Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN
IMG=Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion,LAC.PN.SYM.IMG
IML=Intermediolateral Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.IML
LC=Locus Coeruleus,LMC.HT.LC
MPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
MPOA=Median Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.MPO
NBM=Basal Nucleus of Meynert,LMC.FT.NBM
ONF=Onuf's Nucleus,LPC.SC.VH.ONF
PBN=Parabrachial Nucleus,LPC.HT.PRF.PB
PEL=Pelvic Peripheral Ganglion,LAC.PN.PSYM.PPG
PU=Dorsal Putamen Lateral,FEC.FT.PU.LT
PVN=Paraventricular Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.PV
SNC=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT
SPS=Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus,LAC.SC.IZ.SPS
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA
ZI=Subthalamic Nucleus Caudal,BGA.FD.STN.ZI


AM=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM
HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation)
NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
PFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see Basal Ganglia)
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
OMPFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Medial,FEC.FT.SNR.MED
VPAL=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see Basal Ganglia)
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


BLN=Parvicellular Basal Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.BP
CEA=Central Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM.CEA (see Amygdala)
EC=Entorhinal Cortex,FMM.NC.PH.ET (see Rhinal Cortex)
HC=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation)
HTS=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
ITC=Inferotemporal Cortex,NSA.NC.IT.TE
LA=Lateral Amygdaloid Nucleus,FAM.FT.AM.LA (see Amygdala)
LHB=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see Habenula)
MD=Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus,FD.TH.MD (see Cognitive Thalamus)
MPFC=Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OMPFC
NACC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
PAG=Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG
RMTG=Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG
STC=Wernicke's area A3,NSA.NC.STG.A3
VGDM=Vagus Nucleus,LAC.HL.VGN
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


AVTH=Anteroventral Nucleus,FMM.FD.TH.AV
HF=Hippocampal Formation,FMM.FT.HF
MMB=Medial Mammillary Nucleus,FMM.FD.MB.MMB
RSP=Retrosplenial Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.RSC
SEP=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
SupraMM=Supramammillary Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.SUM
VTN=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


AMYG=Amygdala,FAM.FT.AM
CGa=Anterior Cingulate Cortex,NC.AL.ACG (see Anterior Cingulate Area)
CGp=Posterior Cingulate Cortex,NCP.NC.MPL.PSCG
Caudate=Caudate Nucleus,FEC.FT.CN (see Basal Ganglia)
FEF=Frontal Eye Field,NMA.NC.PMC.FEF (see Premotor Cortex)
LIP=Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus,NPE.NC.IPS.LIP
NAC=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
OFC=Orbitofrontal Cortex,NC.AL.OPFC (see Orbitomedial Prefrontal Cortex)
PFC=Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex,NDM.NC.AL.DLPFC (see Lateral Prefrontal Cortex)
SC=Superior Colliculus,MM.SC (see Reflexes Nuclei of Midbrain Mesencephalon)
SEF=Supplementary Eye Field,NPE.NC.SMC.SEF
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT
SNr=Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Dorsolateral,FEC.FT.SNR.DL
Thalamus=Thalamus,FD.TH
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


DBB=Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB
DTG=Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus,LMC.HT.TG.DTG
EPN=Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF
GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia)
LHT=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
LHbL=Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT
LHbM=Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED
NI=Incertus Nucleus,FAM.HT.TG.NI
RMTg=Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG
Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see Medullary Reticular Formation)
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see Basal Ganglia)
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA
VTG=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTG


DBB=Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB
DRN=Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN
GPb=Dorsal Pallidum,FEC.FT.DP (see Basal Ganglia)
IPN=Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD
LHA=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
LHbL=Lateral Habenula Lateral Part,FAM.FD.LHB.LT
LHbM=Lateral Habenula Medial Part,FAM.FD.LHB.MED
LPO=Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO
LS=Lateral Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.LT
MHb=Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB
MRN=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see Medullary Reticular Formation)
MS=Medial Septal Nucleus,FAM.FT.SEP.MED
PS=Posterior Septal Group,FAM.FT.SEP.PG (see Septal Nuclei)
RMTg=Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.RMTG
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see Basal Ganglia)
VP=Ventral Pallidum,FEC.FT.VP (see Basal Ganglia)
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
DBB=Diagonal Band of Broca,FAM.FT.SEP.DBB
DR=Dorsal Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.DRN
GPi=Globus Pallidus Internal,FEC.FT.GPI (see Basal Ganglia)
IP=Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD
LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Area,LAC.FD.HT.LT (see Hypothalamus)
LHb=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see Habenula)
LPO=Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.VLPO
MHb=Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB
MR=Superior Central Raphe Nucleus,LMC.MM.RP.SUC
PB=Endocrine Glands,TARGET.TEA.ENDOCRINE
S=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Lateral,FEC.FT.SNC.LT
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


CPu=Striatum,FEC.FT.ST (see Basal Ganglia)
EP=Endopiriform Nucleus,FAM.FT.EPF
Hippo=Hippocampus,FMM.FT.HC (see Hippocampal Formation)
IPN=Interpeduncular Nucleus,FEC.HT.TG.IPD
L=Lateral Habenula,FAM.FD.LHB (see Habenula)
LH=Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus,LAC.FD.HT.LTN
M=Medial Habenula,FAM.FD.MHB
NAc=Accumbens Nucleus,FEC.FT.ACC (see Basal Ganglia)
PAG=Periaqueductal Gray Matter,LMC.MM.PAG
Raphe=Raphe Nuclei of Medulla,LMC.HL.RP (see Medullary Reticular Formation)
SNc=Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta,FEC.FT.SNC (see Basal Ganglia)
Septum=Septal Nuclei,FAM.FT.SEP
VTA=Ventral Tegmental Area,LMC.MM.VTA


References

(generated)

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